行政行为的概念及构成要素

行政法学的研究应该尽量放宽视角,适应将来法治建设的需要。我们必须把行政行为的概念放到整个法治体系中甚至整个社会的发展中去研究。     

International legislation on trace elements as contaminants in food: a review

Environmental contaminants such as trace elements may be present in all foods. Foods, raw materials and ingredients for food production are to an increasing extent traded across borders. Hence, there is a need for international legislation on trace elements as contaminants in food. In 1961, the FAO and WHO established the Codex Alimentarius to elaborate international food legislation. Contaminants in food are handled by the Codex Committee for Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC). The Codex Alimentarius system for developing legislation concerning trace elements as contaminants in food is based upon the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food (GSCTF). By October 2001, the principles for setting maximum limits (MLs) for contaminants in food are agreed, and work is in progress on MLs for trace elements such as lead and cadmium in the various food categories. The status for the proposals is presented and discussed. The EU Regulation 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 sets MLs for lead and cadmium in various foods. This regulation will apply from 5 April 2002. The EU regulation is more detailed but similar to the Codex draft standards for lead and cadmium in food. In future, legislators and administrators in the Codex and EU and analytical chemists will discuss how to use more and better analytical data as risk-management tools to protect public health. Trace elements' speciation is an important aspect of this discussion.     

Organochlorine and Mercury Residues in Young-of-the-Year Spottail Shiners from the Detroit River,Lake St. Clair,and Lake Erie

Young-of-the-year spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were used as biomonitors to determine the spatial distribution (1982/83) and assess trend data for organochlorine and mercury residues. Significantly (p < 0.01) higher PCB residues were found in Detroit River spottail shiners than in collections from southwestern Lake St. Clair and northwestern Lake Erie. The highest PCB residues were found in the west bank collections from Michigan waters (912–2,997ng/g) compared to the mid-stream (96–290 ng/g) and east bank collections (153–316 ng/g). Chlordane residues were found to be elevated in all spottail shiner samples from urbanized areas. Octachlorostyrene and ∑ DDT residues were distributed uniformly within the study area, whereas mercury concentrations were found to be lower in spottail shiners from northwestern Lake Erie than in comparable samples from the Detroit River and southwestern Lake St. Clair. Residues for BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, and chlorinated benzenes were near their detection limits; mirex and chlorinated phenols were not detectable. Recent (1982/83) PCB residue levels in spottail shiners exceeded the IJC aquatic life objective (Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978) at all the sites sampled, except at Pike Creek in Lake St. Clair. PCB residues in spottail shiners from Pike Creek, Big Creek, and Leamington have declined significantly (p < 0.01) since the mid-seventies. Mercury and chlordane residues have decreased in spottail shiner samples from Leamington, but have remained virtually unchanged at Big Creek and Pike Creek.     

Butyltin Species and Inorganic Tin in Water and Sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu₃Sn⁺) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu₂Sn²⁺) and n-butyltin (BuSn³⁺) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn³⁺ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu₂Sn²⁺ and Bu₃Sn⁺ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu₃Sn⁺ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10^?10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu₃Sn⁺ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0^–7 and 1.7 × I0^–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment.     

低合金耐海水腐蚀钢在模拟腐蚀环境下的耐蚀性能研究

以普碳钢为对比样,采用模拟海水全浸和间浸、盐雾、湿热等加速腐蚀实验并结合电化学测试技术研究了Cu-Cr-Mo系低合金耐海水腐蚀钢Q345C-NHY3的耐蚀性能.结果表明：在各种模拟环境条件下与碳钢相比Q345C-NHY3钢都具有较好的耐蚀性能.     

城市道路景观设计研究

本文从城市道路景观的功能出发,分析了道路与景观的相互作用、道路景观的组成要素、道路景观设计的原则及道路景观设计的主要内容,从而引导道路设计者明确功能与景观并重、共性与个性共存、景观规划设计与道路规划设计同步进行的设计理念。     

浅谈超高压注水安全管理

在实际生产中,有必要对超高压注水进行管理。对超高压注水工艺进行风险评估,设计和施工分别参照《火力发电厂汽水管道零件及部件典型设计(2000版)》和GB/T12459-2005《钢制对焊无缝管件》执行。日常管理应建立健全各类操作作业指导书、超高压注水泵保养制度、巡回检查制度等各项规章制度,同时对安全阀、设备设施接地电阻、压力表、温度计等,进行强制定期检测。对超高压管线、管件参照《特种设备安全监察条例》每年检测一次壁厚的安全管理方法。     

Continuous ethanol production from wood hydrolysate by chemostat and total cell retention culture

Chemostat and total cell retention cultures with internal filter system ofSaecharomyc.es cerevisiae H1-7 were carried out to produce ethanol from wood hydrolysate. Maximum ethanol productivity obtained in a chemostat with the aeration rate of 1 vvm was 3.79 g/(L·h). This was 20% higher than that in a chemostat without aeration. However, the substrate was not completely consumed at the dilution rate with the maximum productivity. The realistic productivity, which has higher than 99% conversion rate of substrate, was. 2.95 g/(L·h). The maximum productivity in the total cell retention culture was 6.65 g/(L·h) at the dilution rate of 0.19 h¹ and the residual glucose concentration was negligible.     

添加微量稀土元素改善矿用硬质合金性能

此文研究了添加微量稀土元素对矿用硬质含金性能的影响。研究表明，添加一定量一定形态的稀土元素，能提高矿用硬质合会使用寿命，提高合金抗奇强度和抗冲击动性，增加合会的热塑性和高温强韧性，而对硬度、密度、磁力没有多大影响。     

Authentication of the 31 species of toxic and potent Chinese materia medica by microscopic technique assisted by ICP-MS analysis, part 4: four kinds of toxic and potent mineral arsenical CMMs

Toxic and Potent Chinese Materia Medica (T/PCMM) is a special and very important category of Chinese medicines. They have long been used in traditional medical practice and are being used more and more widely throughout the world in recent years. As there may be many fatal toxic effects caused by misusing or confusion of T/PCMM, their quality and safety control arouse increasing attention internationally. Researches on the accurate identification to ensure the safe use of T/PCMM are acquired; however, there are few reports on authentication. We are carrying out a series of studies on 31 T/PCMM originating from plants, animals, minerals, and secreta. In our previous studies, we proved that modern microscopic authentication is a simple, fast, effective, low cost, and less toxic method for identifying animal, seed, and flower T/PCMM. In the present study, we focused on the authentication of four kinds of mineral arsenicals, including orpiment (mainly containing As₂S₃), realgar (mainly containing As₄S₄), arsenolite, and arsenic trioxide (mainly containing As₂O₃). We examined the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the above minerals and found that they all can be easily identified and authenticated by using light microscopy coupled with polarized microscopy. Moreover, the authentication results for arsenolite and arsenic trioxide are confirmed by ICP‐MS analysis. We are sure that the morphological and microscopic characteristics indicated here are indispensable to establishing standards for these four mineral T/PCMMs. Microsc. Res. Tech. 74:1‐8, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.