Current basis for the ultrastructural clinical diagnosis of tumors: A review

The ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors requires a careful analysis that should be done in an orderly fashion. It requires precise planning from the time of specimen collection to the selection of the area to be examined. Pictures must be taken systematically and every micrograph should allow to answer whether the number of cells photographed is adequate; whether mitoses are present, what is the pattern of the tumor; what is the appearance of the cell membrane; whether the cells are joined by junctional complexes; whether free surfaces possess microvilli or cilia; what organelles are present and how they are distributed; whether there are secretory granules, melanosomes, or other cytoplasmic elements. Nuclear and nucleolar size and shape have to be taken into consideration. The composition of the interstitial extracellular matrix is important in certain types of tumors. Although these questions are not the only ones to be addressed, their use in a logical fashion is helpful when it concerns the ultrastructural diagnosis.     

动情期家兔输卵管上皮及其分泌活动的电镜观察

本实验用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察了动情期家兔输卵管上皮。证实分泌细胞和纤毛细胞都有分泌功能，共分泌三种分泌物质。本文对这些分泌物质的分泌方式、分泌活动进行了研究和探讨。另外，发现上皮基膜下方始终有一层成纤维细胞形成的胞质膜伴行，据此，对血一输卵管腔屏障的构成亦进行了讨论。     

Ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of megakaryoblastic leukemic cells

Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ultrastructural cytochemistry were utilized to study megakaryoblastic cells from four patients suffering from megakaryoblastic leukemia. The results show that megakaryoblastic leukemic cells have a unique ultrastructural appearance, surface architecture, and cytochemical activity. The cells are positive for platelet peroxidase cytochemical reaction, which is localized in the perinuclear space and endoplastic reticulum, but not in the Golgi apparatus and cytoplasmic granules. They have a rather smooth surface and display blebs or tuberculi which are different from those in other types of leukemic cells as seen under the scanning electron microscope. The megakaryoblastic leukemic cells also show a special appearance under the transmission electron microscope, such as a cytoplasm which contains numerous small mitochondria, mostly concentrated in one pole of the cell. These ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of the megakaryoblastic leukemic cells revealed by the combined techniques are very useful in the diagnosis of megakaryoblastic leukemia.     

Rheological and Ultrastructural Properties and Particle Size Distribution of Soymilk as Affected by Processing Methods

Soymilk was prepared from boiled and unboiled comminuted suspensions of dehulled soybean and water using pressurized homogenization (one pass and two pass). Particle size showed significant differences between soymilks homogenized by one pass and two pass. Apparent viscosities and total solid contents showed significant differences between boiled and unboiled treatments. Soymilks exhibited pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior and Arrhenius model was fitted to express temperature dependence of apparent viscosity. Microscopic images showed hydrated, separated, uniformly distributed, and homogeneous particles in boiled two-pass soymilk as they were disrupted easily and it was selected as the best treatment for processing soymilk containing all of the soybean solids.     

Monoamine synaptic structure and localization in the central nervous system

The monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and serotonin as well as the diamine histamine have a widespread distribution in the central nervous system within synaptic terminals and nonsynaptic varicosities. In certain regions of the central nervous system the monoamines are contained in varicosities that have no synaptic specialization associated with them, suggesting a possible neuromodulatory role for some of the monoamines. The majority of monoamine labelled structures are synaptic terminals which are characterized by the presence of small, clear vesicles (40–60 nm) and large, granular vesicles (70–120 nm) within the terminal. A third population of vesicles—small, granular vesicles—which are visible only after histochemical staining, are probably the equivalent of the small, clear vesicles present after either autoradiographic or immunohistochemical labelling. Most monoamine containing terminals contact dendrites and dendritic spines and, less frequently, neuronal somata and other axons. Both asymmetrical and symmetrical membrane specializations are associated with monoaminergic terminals; however, asymmetrical contacts are the most frequent type found. These ultrastructural results indicate that monoamine containing terminals and varicosities in general share many common morphological features, but still have diverse functions.     

黑麦小孢子母细胞核基质的超显微结构观察

把黑麦的幼穗剪下插入含5％二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的Banner's盐溶液中。室温下培养24小时后,解剖出花药,按常规的超薄切片法制片。透射电子显微镜下观察发现小孢子母细胞核内出现类似微丝的微纤丝结构。这种结构粗约6-7nm,集合成微纤丝束,特异性地出现在凝线期的小孢子母细胞核中。在凝线期,染色质向核的一极集中,靠近核膜的区域由于染色质的转移变为透明区。微纤丝束通常分布在这种透明区。微纤丝束位于染色质附近,并与细胞核的长轴和染色质向极端运动的方向平行。在未经DMSO处理的小孢子母细胞中偶尔也可看到这种结构。文章讨论了黑麦小孢子母细胞核中微纤丝结构的生化本质和可能的作用。     

Ultrastructural investigation of renal biopsies: A discussion of artifacts and special methodology

The aim of this presentation is to draw attention to the problems inherent in evaluating the ultrastructure of percutaneous renal biopsies and to discuss some of the special techniques which are useful in this area. It is important to realize that the ultrastructure as it appears in this kind of material does not necessarily reflect conditions in vivo. Comparison with suitable reference material may, however, permit reliable conclusions in terms of pathological diagnosis and pathogenesis. It is advocated that purely qualitative methods, which until now have predominated in ultrastructure work with renal biopsies, be replaced by morphometry and semiquantitative methods when it is possible and practical to do so in any research situation.     

胆结石的SEM和EDS研究

本文用电子显微镜对１５例胆固醇类结石和１５例胆色素类结石进行了超微结构的观察，并用能谱仪对原子序数大于１１的元素进行了分析，相对比较了用不同溶剂溶解后的胆色素类结石的微观结构和元素组成，同时还分析了胆色素类结石中碳，氢和氮的含量，根据以上结果，对色素类结石可能存在的物质及其成石机制进行了讨论。     

玉竹花粉中造粉质体形成及增殖的超微结构研究

本文运用电子显微镜技术研究了玉竹花粉中造粉质体形成及增殖的超微结构特点，发现造粉质体在体积增加的过程中与内质网有密切关系，造粉质体除以分裂的形式进行增殖外可能还有其他的形式，分裂过程中在颈部出现分裂中的作用及其他可能的分裂机制进行了讨论。     

Microstructural changes in m. rectus abdominis bovine muscle after heating

A histological and ultrastructural study was conducted to characterize changes in beef muscle structure after heating. Pieces of rectus abdominis muscle were heated at 100 °C over varying time frames from 15 min to 60 min and at 270 °C for 1 min; samples were then prepared for optical and transmission electron microscopy. After 15 min of heating, at 100 °C, a lateral shrinkage in fibre of 48% and an increase in gaps between the myofibrillar masses of 27% was noted. No more significant evolution was observed as heating duration escalated. The ultrastructure showed strong myofibril to sarcolemma detachments in which granular aggregates, coming in part from myofibrillar proteins, are stored. Neighbouring muscle fibres showed strong heterogeneity in morphological behaviour after thermal treatment, suggesting that differences in composition and structure of the cytoskeleton proteins in the different fibres can cause denaturation/shrinkage of the proteins at different times along the timescale of microstructural changes during heating. Short heating at high temperatures expanded the gaps between myofibrillar mass, but the overall changes in the ultrastructure were similar to those obtained when heating at 100 °C.