VARIATIONS IN ALFALFA JUICE SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS AS WATER IS EVAPORATED

Alfalfa juice was extracted from plants during the graving phases of the first and second crops. The alfalfa juice was dried and solute concentrations were measured periodically during the process using freezing point depression (FPD) as an indicator. Solute/solvent weight ratios were calculated from the freezing point depression of fresh unconcentrated 'uice extracted from both firsc and second crops. At the time of harvest, tie FPD was a function of this ratio. The first and second crops behaved distinctively different during the drying process, with the second having a larger soluce concentration and a greater FPD at a given moisture content. The appearance of preci itate during the drying process and the general1 large FPD makes this materiay a questionable product for drying vitg low temperature processes.     

Effect of excess boron fertilization on status and availability of boron in calcareous soils

Field experiments were conducted at Al-Qatif area in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia to study the status and availability of B under B fertilization regime in three types of calcareous soils and to evaluate the response of two alfalfa varieties, Hassawi (local variety) and Hyden (american variety), to increasing levels of added B.Boron was applied at 7 rates as Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O. Four cuttings were taken from each site at different intervals. Data showed that extractable B by hot-water and NH₄HCO₃-DTPA (8 days after borax application) was significantly (p <0.001) affected by soil type and B applications. The amount of B recovered by hot-water from the three soils, 200 days after borax application, was in the following order: sandy loam > sandy clay loam > clay loam.Total dry matter of alfalfa (4 cuttings) was significantly (p <0.05) affected by soil type, borax application rates and alfalfa variety.The critical level of B in plant as determined by Cate and Nelson analysis, ranged from 148 to 652 mg kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi cultivar and 138 to 521 mg kg^–1 for Hyden cultivar in the first harvest. However, the upper critical levels for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th harvests were 800, 875 and 935 mg B kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi and 603, 723 and 812 mg B kg^–1 for Hyden varieties, respectively. Nevertheless, the lower critical levels for 2nd, 3rd and 4th harvests ranged from 148 to 153 mg B kg^–1 dry matter for Hassawi and 138 to 142 mg B kg^–1 for Hyden.     

自动化立体仓库的研制

论述了自动化立体仓库的基本原理、传动设计、载货台液压系统、行驶机构与总体布局的设计．堆垛机的各种运动由计算机控制管理，位置检测与定位精度是由绝对式编码器以二进制代码形式向系统传送数据来实现．     

溶剂法提取紫花苜蓿籽油

以盐生植物紫花苜蓿籽为原料,采用两种有机溶剂—无水乙醚和正己烷对紫花苜蓿籽进行提油的工艺研究。通过正交试验确定了正己烷为最佳提取溶剂,最佳条件为提取温度90℃,提取时间4h,料液比1∶16,此条件下的出油率为11.68%。提出的籽油中含有亚油酸15.75%,油酸12.45%,亚麻酸12.20%,硬脂酸20.52%和棕榈酸10.83%。本研究又对苜蓿籽油的理化性质进行了研究,结果表明,溶剂法浸提紫花苜蓿籽油工艺可行,产品对人体具有较高的营养保健作用。     

热处理工艺对45＃钢抗苜蓿草粉的磨损性能影响

苜蓿草粉对环模系统的磨粒磨损是造成饲料制粒机关键部件失效的主要原因。为提高环模系统关键部件材料的抗磨粒磨损性能,采用不同热处理工艺对45#钢热处理,在磨粒磨损试验机上考察其抗苜蓿草粉的磨损行为,用金相显微镜对试样的金相组织进行分析研究,用扫描电镜对试样摩擦表面的磨损形貌进行观察研究。结果表明：经淬火处理后45#钢的磨损主要表现为显微切削和机械抛光,未见明显的塑性疲劳;当材料的硬度提升至一定值时,通过硬度与韧度的合理配合可获得较好的抗植物磨料磨损性能;相对于常温淬火,45#钢亚温淬火后抗植物磨料磨损性能明显提升。     

新型固定式半自动饲草压捆机的设计

针对新型固定式半自动饲草压捆机的设计和制造,阐述了压捆机的关键工作部分--压缩机构、喂入机构和分捆机构的工作原理和结构形式。其中喂入机构和分捆机构是本机的特色,两者均要保证与压缩机构的严格的运动关系,增加了设计的难度。喂入机构采用水平方向半自动进料,降低了装草高度,符合人体工程学原理;设计的杠杆组式拨杆联动分捆机构,结构简单,便于操纵,提高了插板分捆的安全性。     

Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to enhance in vitro fermentation of alfalfa hay and corn silage

Two in vitro experiments were performed to identify promising exogenous fibrolytic enzyme products (EFE) and optimum dose rates (DR) for improving the degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage. The relationship between enzymatic activity and fermentation responses was examined to identify optimum formulations. In experiment 1, 5 EFE containing mainly endoglucanase and xylanase activities, with different ratios between the 2 activities, were assessed at a DR of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1 mg/g of DM forage. Milled alfalfa hay or corn silage was incubated in an in vitro batch culture with buffer, ruminal fluid, and EFE. Gas production (GP) was measured during 24 h of incubation, and degradabilities of DM and fiber were measured after terminating the incubation at 24 h. Two (E1 and E3) EFE substantially improved GP and degradation of alfalfa hay and corn silage fiber. The optimum DR of these EFE was 1.4 mg/g of DM for both forages with improvements in NDF degradability up to 20.6% for alfalfa hay and up to 60.3% for corn silage. Whereas added activities of endoglucanase and exoglucanase were positively correlated with improvement in NDF degradability for alfalfa hay and corn silage, there was no relationship between added xylanase activity and NDF degradability. The 2 most promising EFE from experiment 1 were reevaluated in experiment 2, alone and in combination with a high xylanase EFE, to determine whether their effectiveness could be enhanced by decreasing the endoglucanase to xylanase ratio. The 2 EFE improved GP and fiber degradation in a manner similar to that observed in experiment 1, but the combination treatments resulted in no further beneficial effects. Exogenous fibrolytic enzyme products can greatly improve forage utilization, but DR and the activities supplied are critical for achieving this response. Products used with alfalfa hay and corn silage should contain high endoglucanase activity, with an ideal ratio of endoglucanse to xylanase.     

Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage

The effectiveness of three carbohydrate sources, high-moisture ear corn (HMEC), cracked shelled corn (CSC), and a 50:50 mixture of HMEC plus dried citrus pulp (DCP), fed with or without supplemental rumen-undegraded protein as expeller soybean meal (ESBM), was assessed in 48 multiparous dairy cows. All diets contained (dry mater [DM] basis) 50% alfalfa silage, 10% ryegrass silage, 28% NDF, and one of six concentrates: A) 38% HMEC; B) 38% CSC; C) 19% DCP plus 19% HMEC; D) 27% HMEC plus 12% ESBM; E) 27% CSC plus 12% ESBM; or F) 13% DCP, 13% HMEC, and 12% ESBM. Diets A, B, and C averaged 19% crude protein, of which 53% was nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), and diets D, E, and F averaged 22% crude protein, of which 40% was NPN. Cows were fed a high-energy covariate diet for 2 wk, blocked into eight groups of six, based on covariate protein yield, then randomly assigned to diets that were fed for 12 wk. Feeding ESBM increased DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, SNF, and milk and blood urea concentration and decreased weight loss. There were no production differences between HMEC and CSC. However, DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and milk SNF content all were lower on the diets containing DCP versus HMEC and CSC. A 6 x 6 Latin square trial conducted at the same time with six ruminally cannulated cows showed similar effects of diet on DM intake and milk production. Ruminal ammonia was elevated by ESBM but not ruminal total amino acids and branched-chain volatile fatty acids. Ruminal propionate was highest on HMEC diets and lowest on DCP diets; acetate, butyrate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lowest on HMEC diets and highest on DCP diets. These results indicated that, compared to HMEC and CSC, feeding the pectin-rich carbohydrate source DCP altered ruminal fermentation but depressed intake and milk production in lactating cows.