从清朝《六必酒经》看中国蒸馏酒与国外蒸馏酒生产技术的差距

清朝《六必酒经》首次系统的记载了我国多种蒸馏酒的生产工艺技术,从酿酒原料到加曲发酵,再到蒸馏接酒,并对不同原料生产的酒进行了质量对比描述.同一时期,西方进入工业革命,大量新技术、新装备应用于发酵酒和蒸馏酒的生产,包括温度计、酒精计,以及微生物技术、化学分析技术,促进了西方酿酒业的发展.回顾我国古代烧酒生产,是为了在新时...     

Metaproteomic analysis of enzymatic composition in Baobaoqu fermentation starter for Wuliangye baijiu

Wuliangye is one of the most famous brands of baijiu in China. The typical flavours of Wuliangye baijiu are mainly formed by the multifarious enzymes in fermentation starter (Baobaoqu, BBQ). As the enzymes remained poorly understood, the detailed enzymatic composition of BBQ was analysed by metaproteomics for the first time. It is worth noting that the enzymes from plant, animals and micro-organisms were detected together and oxidoreductases were the dominant enzymes. Next, the analysis of function showed that the enzymes were mainly involved in carbon metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Additionally, the relationship between differential abundant enzymes and formation of typical flavour substances in premium and normal BBQ was established. Furthermore, the activities of classic enzymes in BBQ were examined to verify the reliability of metaproteomic results. This study will provide clues to further improve the manufacturing technology for Wuliangye baijiu.     

“麸曲+酒母”模式对丢糟发酵产酒的影响

该研究以霉菌麸曲为糖化剂、酒母醪液提供酿酒酵母的新方式酿造丢糟酒。以实验室保存的米根霉（R. oryzae JQ-1）制备霉菌麸曲,糖化酶活力为1 507.91 U/g;以某商品小曲为菌种,利用糊化后的粮粉料液为原料制备酒母醪液,酵母菌数为2.40×108 CFU/mL。将麸曲和酒母按一定比例混合后加入浓香型丢糟中酿制丢糟酒;发酵结束时酒醅中残余淀粉为5.20%,低于以某商品小曲为发酵剂的对照组酒醅中的残余淀粉7.23%（p<0.05）,表明新模式更容易利用丢糟中的淀粉;新模式酿制丢糟酒的淀粉出酒率为92.66%,显著高于传统模式酿制丢糟酒的淀粉出酒率82.75%（p<0.05）,表明新模式酿制丢糟酒的产酒效率更高;新模式和传统模式酿制的丢糟酒都具有浓香型风格、酒质无明显差异。该研究为丢糟酒的酿造提供了一条新途径,降低了丢糟酒的酿造成本,提高了丢糟的利用效率。     

UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS测定白酒接触塑料制品中21种双酚类及其衍生物

建立了超高效液相色谱/四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS）测定白酒接触塑料制品中21种双酚类及其衍生物的筛查定量方法。迁移后模拟液用甲醇稀释10倍,采用C₁₈色谱柱,以甲醇?5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,21种目标物在质量浓度范围2.5～500.0 μg/L范围内线性良好,R2大于0.9965,方法定量限为6.0～36.3 μg /L,回收率为82.3%～106.4%,RSD为0.7%～5.2%之间。该方法种类覆盖广,灵敏度高,准确性好,应用于实际样品检测时重复性良好,可为白酒生产过程中此类化合物的风险监测提供技术支撑。     

白酒窖泥挥发性成分研究

窖泥是产生浓香型和酱香型白酒中己酸乙酯的关键材料。应用HS-SPME（顶空-固相微萃取）结合GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱）技术对浓香型白酒生产用窖泥的微量成分进行了分析。在我国浓香型大曲白酒生产用窖泥中共检测到184种微量挥发性成分,其中醇类18种,酸类11种,羰基化合物13种,酯类78种,酚类化合物7种,芳香族化合物26种,内酯类化合物5种,硫化物6种,呋喃类化合物7种,吡嗪类化合物3种,吲哚类化合物2种,其它化合物8种。大部分成分是第一次检测到。窖泥微量成分的检测有可能为窖泥质量标准的制定提供理论基础。     

Volatile compounds of Chinese Luzhou flavoured liquor distilled from grains fermented in 100 to 300 year-old cellars

Baijiu – Chinese white spirits – contain a plethora of volatile compounds of which only some have been identified. This study reports two pre-treatments, direct injection and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry to analyse the volatile compounds of liquor distilled from grains fermented in 100-, 200- and 300 year-old cellars. Three samples from each cellar were analysed and 71 compounds were detected using direct injection with 75 compounds detected using HS-SPME. The compounds included esters, alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones and other compounds. Although both methods detected a similar number of compounds, the types of compounds detected differed. The collection times of the samples were divided into four stages according to their composition. This study provides an analytical foundation for further determining components in baijiu. © 2019 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

川中地区浓香型白酒酒醅风味物质时空差异性比较

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析了四川中部地区浓香型白酒酒醅发酵过程主要风味物质的时空分布差异，通过主成分分析结合偏最小二乘分析法探究了中心酒醅和边缘酒醅的差异性代谢产物及其前体物的变化规律。结果表明：边缘酒醅有132种风味物质，其中酯类44种、醇类26种，酸类14种，中心酒醅的风味物质有127种，其中酯类为58种，醇类27种，酸类为15种；乙酸、丁酸、己酸、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯、十六酸乙酯为酒醅发酵过程的差异性代谢产物；边缘酒醅己酸、丁酸整体上呈现先增加较缓，中后期呈迅速增加的趋势；中心酒醅的十六酸乙酯、亚油酸乙酯含量均在76 d达到峰值，分别为23.14、12.90 μg/g。以期为为川中地区浓香型酒固态酿造机制、质量稳定提供理论支撑。     

传统清香型白酒发酵过程中细菌群落结构及其动态演替

利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对传统清香型白酒大楂和二楂发酵过程中的细菌群落结构、丰度及演替规律进行研究,测序获得有效序列数分别为319 872条和269 087条,归类为15个门(厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门、疣微菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、衣原体门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、产金菌门、梭杆菌门、蓝细菌门,分别包含39 567,22 717个OTUs。研究表明:大楂和二楂细菌群落组成丰富,在发酵过程中细菌的种类和数量随着发酵和环境的变化而变化,主要优势菌群包括葡萄球菌属、片球菌属、乳杆菌属。它们动态变化,此消彼长,影响大楂和二楂酒的质量与风味物质的产生。