口服制剂掩味方法的研究进展

综述了药物掩味方法的研究进展,对不同的技术进行了总结.开发药物制剂时,正确运用这些方法与技术,不影响药物的物理、化学稳定性和生物利用度.     

高寒地区碾压混凝土拱坝施工技术

介绍了在高寒地区的新疆石门子水库碾压混凝土拱坝,在恶劣气候条件下的施工技术及冻融保护措施。     

1-MCP处理对苦瓜果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响

研究了1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对苦瓜果实贮藏品质和采后生理的影响。苦瓜果实采后用0.5、1.0、1.5μL/L1-MCP处理12 h后,在20℃下贮藏。贮藏期间测定果实腐烂率、硬度、色差、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量、抗坏血酸含量、H2O2含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、果实的过氧化氢酶及过氧化物酶活性等指标的变化。结果表明:与对照组果实相比,1-MCP处理能有效延缓苦瓜果实硬度的下降,保持较高的抗坏血酸、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物含量,抑制果实中H2O2、O2-·含量的上升;且在整个贮藏期间,能够有效增加处理组果实过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。另外,1-MCP还可以抑制果实的腐烂,但是过高浓度反而会增加果实的腐烂。研究认为,0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理可延缓采后苦瓜果实成熟衰老和贮藏品质下降,在20℃下延长贮藏时间达4 d以上。      

苦瓜抑菌作用的研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、酵母菌、青霉和黑曲霉为指示菌,采用滤纸片法研究了预处理温度、苦瓜提取物浓度对不同苦瓜品种(桂农科三号、碧珠六号、碧特111号)提取物的抑菌活性的影响,并与牛津杯法进行比较。结果表明:苦瓜预处理温度为60℃,以70%乙醇为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取法获得的提取物抑菌效果最佳;苦瓜对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌活性明显优于革兰氏阴性菌、酵母和霉菌,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果最强,枯草芽孢杆菌次之,对大肠杆菌和酵母抑制作用较弱,对青霉和黑曲霉无抑制作用;不同苦瓜品种中碧特111号提取物的抑菌能力最强;采用牛津杯法评价抑菌活性比滤纸片法更灵敏,稳定性更好。      

TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue

Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.     

牦牛乳硬质干酪苦味肽的分离与特征鉴定

为了探究牦牛乳硬质干酪中苦味肽组成特征,采用氯仿-甲醇法提取苦味肽,通过Sephadex G-25葡聚糖凝胶色谱进行分离纯化,并利用液相色谱-串联质谱（liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）对其分离的苦味较强组分进行特征鉴定。结果表明：经Sephadex G-25葡聚糖凝胶色谱分离得到3 个不同分子质量的组分,组分Ⅱ具有明显苦味。LC-MS/MS鉴定出组分Ⅱ中存在14 种苦味肽,主要为氨基酸残基数目7～17 个、分子质量小于2 000 D的小肽,苦味肽序列中存在的疏水性氨基酸主要有脯氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、异亮氨酸,800～1 500 D苦味肽占64.29%,源自β-酪蛋白（β-casein,β-CN）降解产物的苦味肽占92.86%。因此,干酪成熟过程中源自β-CN的具有较强疏水性、分子质量小于2 000 D的混合多肽的积累可能对干酪苦味的产生有较大影响。     

一种新型YWY有机膦缓蚀剂

研制了一种新型YWY有机膦缓蚀剂,应用重量法、电化学方法及扫描电镜等手段对合成的有机膦缓蚀剂YWY在苦咸水条件下的缓蚀性能及其缓蚀机理进行了研究。实验表明,该缓蚀剂可与碳钢表面螯合形成致密的覆盖膜,表现出明显的阴极型缓蚀剂特征。在缓蚀剂浓度大于12mg／L时,可使氯离子浓度大于30000mg／L的苦咸水／碳钢体系腐蚀速率降至0．03mm／a以下,达到国家耐蚀级标准。     

感官评定方法确定麻竹笋苦涩味物质成分及与口感的关系

通过分析测定麻竹笋苦涩味物质含量与感官评定方法确定竹笋苦涩味物质成分及与口感的关系。麻竹鲜笋在100℃纯净水中分别进行0、30、90、150 s和420 s 5个时间梯度水煮处理,并测定煮后笋汤、笋渣的可溶性单宁、草酸和游离苦味氨基酸(Phe、Val、Arg、Met和Leu)含量,感官评定小组对其涩味、苦味强度评定,并通过对食品级草酸、单宁标准样品配制的不同质量浓度溶液进行苦涩味感官评定,建立单宁、草酸、单宁和草酸混合液的质量浓度与滋味强度的特征曲线函数。结果表明,影响麻竹笋苦涩味的主要物质是可溶性单宁,竹笋苦味和涩味均与单宁含量呈极显著关系,相关系数分别达0.896和0.867;竹笋涩味与草酸含量呈显著关系,相关系数为0.448,而竹笋苦味与草酸含量无显著关系;竹笋苦涩味与游离苦味氨基酸含量均无显著关系。利用单宁特征曲线函数对竹笋苦涩味偏重的成因进行了分析,对9个笋渣、笋汤的分析结果表明,单宁特征曲线函数对竹笋涩味的解释程度达60.6%~136.4%,对竹笋苦味的解释程度达63.4%~132.0%,较高的可溶性单宁含量是引起麻竹笋苦涩味偏重的主要原因。     

Modifying Bitterness in Functional Food Systems

The functional foods sector represents a significant and growing portion of the food industry, yet formulation of these products often involves the use of ingredients that elicit less than desirable oral sensations, including bitterness. Promising new functional ingredients, including polyphenolics, may be more widely and readily employed in the creation of novel functional foods if their aversive bitter taste can be significantly reduced. A number of approaches are used by the industry to improve the taste properties and thus the acceptance of conventional foods that elicit excessive bitterness. This article reviews the most commonly employed techniques, including the use of bitter-modifying additives, which may prove useful for successfully introducing new functional ingredients into this rapidly growing sector.