贮藏条件及螯合剂对新疆双峰驼乳酒精稳定性的影响

研究了pH、Ca2+、螯合剂、贮存温度及时间对驼乳酒精稳定性值的影响。用菌落总数,滴定酸度和酒精稳定性建立原料驼乳的初级检验标准:滴定酸度不大于29°T,酒精稳定性值不低于50%。结果显示:在pH6.0～6.2之间,驼乳的酒精的稳定性显著增加（p<0.05）。随着Ca2+浓度的增大使驼乳的酒精稳定性降低;添加磷酸二氢钠、磷酸氢二钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠和柠檬酸钠能提高驼乳的酒精稳定性,焦磷酸钠使驼乳的酒精热稳定性降低。      

基于乳清蛋白的骆驼乳中掺假牛乳的检测及热处理对方法的影响

利用超高效液相色谱（ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UPLC）技术,建立一种以牛β-乳球蛋白为掺假标识物的检测方法,用于定性定量检测骆驼乳中掺假的牛乳,并且探讨不同热处理方式对掺假标识物的影响,以期满足不同商品化驼乳制品的检测需求。结果表明：该方法能有效地检测鲜驼乳、巴氏杀菌驼乳以及驼乳粉中掺假的牛乳,3 种类型掺假乳样本的定量检测回归方程线性良好,线性相关系数（R2）分别为0.997 9、0.996 9和0.997 8;鲜驼乳、巴氏杀菌驼乳和驼乳粉中掺假牛乳的检出限分别为2%、3%和5%,可满足检测需求;利用该方法在10 种不同品牌市售纯驼乳粉中检测出4 种掺假驼乳粉产品。UPLC法可以有效地检测骆驼乳及其制品中掺假的牛乳,为骆驼乳行业的掺假检测提供一定的技术方法支持。     

Level of natural hepatotoxin (Indospicine) contamination in Australian camel meat

Camel meat production for human consumption and pet food manufacture accounts for a relatively small part of overall red meat production in Australia. Reliable statistical data for the Australian production and consumption of camel meat are not available; however, it is estimated that 300,000 feral camels roam within the desert of central Australia, with an annual usage of more than 3000 camels for human consumption, 2000 for pet food manufacture and a smaller number for live export. Despite a small Australian camel meat production level, the usage of camel meat for pet food has been restricted in recent years due to reports of serious liver disease and death in dogs consuming camel meat. This camel meat was found to contain residues of indospicine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain Indigofera spp., and associated with mild to severe liver disease in diverse animals after dietary exposure to this hepatotoxin. The extent of indospicine-contaminated Australian camel meat was previously unknown, and this study ascertains the prevalence of such residue in Australian camel meat. In this study, indospicine levels in ex situ (95 samples collected from an abattoir in Queensland) and in situ (197 samples collected from camels after field culling in central Australia) camel meat samples were quantitated using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The quantitation results showed 46.7% of the in situ- and 20.0% of the ex situ-collected camel meat samples were contaminated by indospicine (more than the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 mg kg^–1 fresh weight). The overall indospicine concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in the in situ-collected samples. Indospicine levels detected in the present study are considered to be low; however, a degree of caution must still be exercised, since the tolerable daily intake for indospicine is currently not available for risk estimation.     

Camel milk-derived probiotic strains encapsulated in camel casein and gelatin complex microcapsules: Stability against thermal challenge and simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions

Probiotics have received increased attention due to their nutritional and health-promoting benefits. However, their viability is often impeded during food processing as well as during their gastrointestinal transit before reaching the colon. In this study, probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus MF00960, Pediococcus pentosaceus MF000967, and Lactobacillus paracasei DSM20258 were encapsulated within sodium alginate, camel casein (CC), camel skin gelatin (CSG) and CC:CSG (1:1 wt/wt) wall materials. All 3 strains in encapsulated form showed an enhanced survival rate upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion compared with free cells. Among the encapsulating matrices, probiotics embedded in CC showed higher viability and is attributed to less porous structure of CC that provided more protection to entrapped probiotics cells. Similarly, thermal tolerance at 50°C and 70°C of all 3 probiotic strains were significantly higher upon encapsulation in CC and CC:CSG. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed probiotic strains embedded in the dense protein matrix of CC and CSG. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that CC- and CSG-encapsulated probiotic strains exhibited the amide bands with varying intensity with no significant change in the structural conformation. Probiotic strains encapsulated in CC and CC:CSG showed higher retention of inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, pancreatic lipase, and cholesteryl esterase compared with free cells upon exposure to simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. Therefore, CC alone or in combination with CSG as wall materials provided effective protection to cells, retained their bioactive properties, which was comparable to sodium alginate as wall materials. Thus, CC and CC:CSG can be an efficient wall material for encapsulation of probiotics for food applications.     

骆驼乳对慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:探究骆驼乳对慢性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肠道菌群多样性及结构的影响。将雄性C57BL/6NCr小鼠随机分为4组:对照组(Con,n=6)、模型组(Et,n=6)、骆驼乳剂量组(EtCM,n=6)和牛乳剂量组(EtNM,n=6);实验期为8周,前4周饲喂Lieber-DeCarli液体饲料(含对照),后4周在饲喂Lieber-DeCarli液体饲料的基础上,灌胃相应的乳或生理盐水。灌胃结束后,按照5 g/kg剂量一次性灌胃31.5%酒精溶液,建立NIAAA模型。检测血清LPS含量,并在无菌条件下取小鼠结肠粪便,进行16S rRNA测序,分析肠道菌群α多样性、β多样性及基于门、属水平的物种结构。血清指标结果显示,EtCM组和EtNM组小鼠血清LPS显著降低(P<0.01)。16S r RNA测序结果表明,骆驼乳和牛乳能显著提高ALD小鼠结肠肠道菌群的丰度和均匀度,更好地调整肠道菌群结构,其中骆驼乳较牛乳显示出更好的α多样性。在门水平上,骆驼乳和牛乳显著提高拟杆菌门的丰度,降低厚壁菌门的丰度。在属水平上,骆驼乳和牛乳显著提高副拟杆菌属、拟杆菌属、阿克曼菌属的丰度,降低瘤胃菌科下的未知属Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013丰度。其中,骆驼乳的有益菌丰度较牛乳高出9%。结论:骆驼乳通过改变ALD小鼠肠道菌群环境,来调节肠道菌群结构,可作为调节肠道菌群的功能性乳制品,可预防慢性ALD引起的肠道屏障功能障碍。     

功能型驼绒多组分混合絮片的开发及其性能研究

为提高驼绒絮片防风及抗静电性能,降低生产成本,增加其附加值,以驼绒与罗布麻纤维为絮片主体,混合超细涤纶纤维、三维卷曲涤纶纤维以及ES纤维(聚乙烯/聚丙烯复合纤维),通过热合方式制成6种不同纤维比例的多组分混合絮片,并对其面密度、保暖性、压缩性、透气透湿性等基本性能进行模糊综合评价分析,对其抑菌性、抗静电性及防紫外等功能性进行测试分析。结果表明:多组分混合絮片综合性能最优的混合配比为:驼绒/罗布麻/超细涤纶纤维/三维卷曲涤纶纤维/ES纤维45/20/15/10/10,该混合絮片具有优等透气率,抗菌性符合GB/T 20944.3-2008《纺织品抗菌性能的评定》要求,抗静电性能符合纺织品C级摩擦带电电压低于2.5 kV的要求,紫外防护系数高达58.72。     

Camel milk protein hydrolysates with improved technofunctional properties and enhanced antioxidant potential in in vitro and in food model systems

Camel milk protein hydrolysates (CMPH) were generated using proteolytic enzymes, such as alcalase, bromelain, and papain, to explore the effect on the technofunctional properties and antioxidant potential under in vitro and in real food model systems. Characterization of the CMPH via degree of hydrolysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, and HPLC revealed that different proteins in camel milk underwent degradation at different degrees after enzymatic hydrolysis using 3 different enzymes for 2, 4, and 6 h, with papain displaying the highest degradation. Technofunctional properties, such as emulsifying activity index, surface hydrophobicity, and protein solubility, were higher in CMPH than unhydrolyzed camel milk proteins. However, the water and fat absorption capacity were lower in CMPH compared with unhydrolyzed camel milk proteins. Antioxidant properties as assessed by 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities and metal-chelating activity were enhanced after hydrolysis, in contrast to ferric-reducing antioxidant power which showed a decrease after hydrolysis. The CMPH were also tested in real food model systems for their potential to inhibit lipid peroxidation in fish mince and grape seed oil-in-water emulsion, and we found that papain-produced hydrolysate displayed higher inhibition than alcalase- and bromelain-produced hydrolysates. Therefore, the CMPH demonstrated effective antioxidant potential in vitro as well as in real food systems and showed enhanced functional properties, which guarantees their potential applications in functional foods. The present study is one of few reports available on CMPH being explored in vitro as well as in real food model systems.     

双峰驼驼乳中血清白蛋白的分离纯化及其结构表征

本文以双峰驼驼乳为原料,通过DEAE-FF离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-100凝胶过滤层析对驼乳中血清白蛋白(Camel serum albumin,CSA)进行分离纯化,并对其氨基酸序列、相对分子质量、等电点、氨基酸组成及二级结构进行研究。结果表明:纯化后CSA纯度大于95%;与野骆驼CSA氨基酸序列覆盖率达89%;分子量为66490.17 Da;等电点pI为4.48;氨基酸组成中谷氨酸含量最高,含量为12.41%,必需氨基酸含量为47.36%,经计算其必需氨基酸模式与人体必需氨基酸的要求较接近,是一类优质的动物蛋白质资源;高α-螺旋含量,低β-折叠和无规则卷曲是CSA的主要结构特征。