Astaxanthin Extraction From Shrimp Waste by Lactic Fermentation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the Carotenoprotein Complex

ABSTRACT: Natural carotenoids are an alternative to synthetic orange-red pigments. They are present in crustaceans as a protein-pigment complex. In order to extract this highly unstable pigment, crustacean waste must be stabilized; lactic fermentation is a simple and environmentally friendly method to achieve this goal. Shrimp wastes were inoculated with Lactobacillus bacterial cultures. Carotenoids were then extracted with an organic solvent system. Protein-pigment splitting was carried out using a mixture of 4 commercial enzymes; and the protein was separated from the pigment by ultrafiltration. Electrophoretograms showed that the pigment was attached to a 265-kDa protein. Splitting the protein-pigment complex allows studies on pigment absorption, stability and application.     

Secondary Metabolic Profile as a Tool for Distinction and Characterization of Cultivars of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cultivated in Pará State,Brazil

This study evaluated the chemical compositions of the leaves and fruits of eight black pepper cultivars cultivated in Pará State (Amazon, Brazil). Hydrodistillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry were employed to extract and analyze the volatile compounds, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were predominant (58.5–90.9%) in the cultivars “Cingapura”, “Equador”, “Guajarina”, “Iaçará”, and “Kottanadan”, and “Bragantina”, “Clonada”, and “Uthirankota” displayed oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (50.6–75.0%). The multivariate statistical analysis applied using volatile composition grouped the samples into four groups: γ-Elemene, curzerene, and δ-elemene (“Equador”/“Guajarina”, I); δ-elemene (“Iaçará”/“Kottanadan”/“Cingapura”, II); elemol (“Clonada”/“Uthirankota”, III) and α-muurolol, bicyclogermacrene, and cubebol (“Bragantina”, IV). The major compounds in all fruit samples were monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene. Among the cultivar leaves, phenolics content (44.75–140.53 mg GAE·g⁻¹ FW), the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (20.19–57.22 µU·mL⁻¹), and carotenoids (0.21–2.31 µg·mL⁻¹) displayed significant variations. Due to black pepper’s susceptibility to Fusarium infection, a molecular docking analysis was carried out on Fusarium protein targets using each cultivar’s volatile components. F. oxysporum endoglucanase was identified as the preferential protein target of the compounds. These results can be used to identify chemical markers related to the susceptibility degree of black pepper cultivars to plant diseases prevalent in Pará State.     

类胡萝卜素抗氧化性质的研究

类胡萝卜素有多种生物学作用，包括抑癌防衰、减低一些疾病发生。其重要原因之一是它们的生物抗氧化剂特性：猝灭^1O2、清除自由基、抑制脂类过氧化与细胞呼吸爆发的抗氧化作用。采用H2O2－NaOCl体系产生的^1O2的发光法研究^1O2的猝灭作用，脉冲辐解法研究与CCl3OO的反应，测定自由基引发的亚油酸氢过氧化物生成和脂质体过氧化产物硫代巴比妥酸反应物生成研究抑制脂质过氧化，通过依赖于鲁米诺的化学发光法与无细胞模拟体系研究对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发的影响。研究表明：类胡萝卜素通过物理过程猝灭^1O2，与CCl3OO发生反应生成加合物与自由基正离子，可抑制自由基引发的脂质过氧化，可清除巨噬细胞呼吸爆发所释放的活性氧自由基，降低细胞依赖于鲁米诺的化学发光，保护宿主细胞与组织，增强细胞免疫反应活性。     

类胡萝卜素的紫外可见光谱特性及其应用

对类胡萝卜素紫外可见吸收光谱(UV—VIS)的部分特性进行了综述。重点讨论了类胡萝卜素UV—VIS最大吸收峰的位置、形状及影响因素，类胡萝卜素异构化对UV—VIS的影响，与类胡萝卜素UV—VIS有关的化学测试反应在其结构鉴定中的应用。     

Carotenoid Pigments and Colour of Hermaphrodite and Female Papaya Fruits ( Carica papaya L) cv Sunrise During Post-Harvest Ripening

The predominant carotenoids in extracts of female and hermaphrodite Papaya fruits (Carica papaya L) Solo cv Sunrise were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a C₁₈ reversed-phase column using a diode-array detector. Three classes of carotenoids were separated and identified from the papaya extract without saponification; these were xanthophylls, hydrocarbon carotenoids and carotenol fatty acid esters. The xanthophylls were identified as trans-zeaxanthin, cryptoflavin and β-cryptoxanthin; other xanthophyls were detected in very small quantities. The major hydrocarbon carotenoid was identified as lycopene. Carotenol fatty acid esters were identified as carotenol fatty acid esters of β-cryptoxanthin, cryptoxanthin-5,6-epoxide, lutein, zeaxanthin and violaxanthin. There were no qualitative differences among the carotenoid pattern of female and hermaphrodite papaya fruits. Changes in carotenoid composition during ripening in hermaphrodite and female papaya fruits (cv Sunrise) were investigated in three different stages of ripeness. These changes could be shown in terms of Hunter colour values.     

Stability of Cholesterol and Paprika Carotenoids in Egg Powders as Influenced by Dietary and Processing Treatments

The effects of dietary α-tocopherol and/or oleoresin paprika (OP) on cholesterol and carotenoid stability in egg powders during spray drying and subsequent storage were investigated. Cholesterol oxidation and loss of carotenoids in eggs dried with a direct gas-fired spray dryer were greater ( P< 0·05) than in eggs dried using an indirect (electric) heating system. Dietary supplementation of α-tocopherol acetate (200 mg kg⁻¹ feed) significantly increased ( P< 0·01) the oxidative stability of cholesterol and carotenoids in eggs dried with the direct heating system. Supplementation of OP (7·5 μg g⁻¹ egg lipids) through diet or by direct addition to liquid eggs did not affect the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPS) during storage. However, increased concentrations of OP in liquid eggs (15 and 30 μg g⁻¹ lipids) suppressed the formation of COPS during processing and subsequent storage.     

Technical note: Simultaneous carotenoid and vitamin analysis of milk from total mixed ration-fed cows optimized for xanthophyll detection

Concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, and major carotenoids in dairy products are often determined simultaneously by liquid chromatography. These compounds have different polarity and solubility; thus, extracting them simultaneously can be difficult and inefficient. In milks with low carotenoid concentrations, the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin may not be completely resolved using common extraction techniques. A simplified method was developed to optimize extraction efficiency and the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LoQ) of lutein and zeaxanthin in bovine milk without decreasing sensitivity to other vitamins or carotenoids. The developed method evaluates lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, retinol, and α-tocopherol simultaneously by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. Common saponification temperatures (40–60°C) and concentrations of KOH in water (10–50% KOH wt/vol) were evaluated. Multiple solvents were evaluated for optimal xanthophyll extraction (diethyl ether, dichloromethane, hexane, and tetrahydrofuran) following saponification. The limit of detection and LoQ were defined as 3:1 and 10:1 signal-to-noise ratio, respectively. All experiments were performed in triplicate. The optimal saponification procedure was a concentration of 25% KOH at either 40 or 50°C. Saponified extracts solubilized in solutions containing diethyl ether had greater concentrations of lutein- than hexane- or tetrahydrofuran-based solutions, with peak areas above LoQ values. The solution containing diethyl ether solubilized similar concentrations of retinol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene when compared with other solutions. The proposed optimized method allows for the simultaneous determination of carotenoids from milk with increased lutein and zeaxanthin sensitivity without sacrificing recovery of retinol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene.     

菹草类胡萝卜素的研究——菹草与红心鸭蛋类胡萝卜素特性的初步比较

用菹草喂养蛋鸭能生产优质红心蛋,通过薄层层析及紫外可见吸收光谱等研究,发现菹草含有一类特殊的红色类胡萝卜素,菹草红色类胡萝卜素及部分黄色类胡萝卜素与红心蛋色素有很好的对应关系,证明了红心鸭蛋的红色素来源于菹草;菹草红色类胡萝卜素易溶于丙酮、乙醇、甲醇等极性溶剂,其丙酮溶液的可见吸收光谱峰波长为480nm;菹草和红心鸭蛋中都含有β-胡萝卜素;对菹草类胡萝卜素的部分特性作了初步研究。     

胡萝卜热泵干燥工艺优化

目的:优化胡萝卜的热泵干燥工艺。方法:在单因素试验基础上,通过Box-Behnken试验设计,以色差、复水比和β-胡萝卜素含量为指标,研究初始温度、干燥温升和切片厚度对胡萝卜干燥品质的影响。建立回归方程,分析3个独立因素之间交互作用对响应值的影响,得到胡萝卜热泵干燥的最佳干燥工艺参数以及在此条件下的预测值,最后通过实验与预测值进行对比验证,确定最佳参数组合。结果:胡萝卜热泵干燥的最优工艺参数为:初始温度54.1℃,干燥温升9.25℃,切片厚度3.8 mm,此条件下的胡萝卜色差值为9.759,复水比为6.196,β-胡萝卜素含量为34.378 mg/100 g,其干制品色泽呈鲜亮橙红色,复水比高,β-胡萝卜素保留量高。结论:响应面法可确定胡萝卜热泵干燥的最佳工艺参数,使胡萝卜干制品的品质最佳。     

天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素及对S180肿瘤抑制作用的初步研究

本文对天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素做了初步分析,同时探讨了红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对S180肿瘤的作用。初步结果表明,天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素包含有虾青素及其它一些种类的类胡萝卜素。天然红心鸭蛋中的类胡萝卜素对肝匀浆MDA的产生有显著的抑制作用, 对昆明小白鼠S180肿瘤具有显著的抑制作用,且具有明显的量效关系。低、中、高剂量组的类胡萝卜素对肿瘤的抑制率分别为23.2%、35.7%和42.9%,对肿瘤小鼠的内脏指数有显著改善作用,并可显著地降低肿瘤小鼠血清MDA含量。