高温熟制杀菌对小龙虾品质及贮藏特性的影响

以小龙虾为研究对象,采用熟制杀菌一步到位的工艺对小龙虾进行加工。通过测定不同熟制杀菌条件下小龙虾的色差、pH值、质构及感官评分变化,分析不同熟制杀菌条件对小龙虾品质的影响,确定较佳熟制杀菌工艺。结果表明：杀菌温度和杀菌时间对小龙虾产品品质有显著影响（P＜0.05）,且杀菌温度越高、时间越长,影响越大;110 ℃、10 min杀菌工艺下小龙虾的弹性、硬度、咀嚼性显著优于其他组（P＜0.05）,黄度值显著低于其他组（P＜0.05）,且感官评分最高。因此,110 ℃、10 min杀菌工艺下的小龙虾品质最好,该工艺是最优熟制杀菌工艺。同时在该工艺条件下,即食小龙虾产品4 ℃贮藏条件下的货架期为35 d。     

Anionic Trypsins from Crayfish Hepatopancreas: Effects on Protein Degradation of Tail Meat

Four anionic trypsins, tentatively labeled trypsin A, B, C, and D, isolated from crayfish hepatopancreas, had high casein activity between pH 5.5 and 10.0. Temperature optima for hydrolysis of casein were 45°C for A and B, and 50°C for C and D. Trypsin D had the highest substrate turnover number (V_max) for casein reaction compared with the other trypsins at pH 6.8. Trypsins A and D had higher activities against myofibrilla and sarcoplasmic proteins from crayfish tail meat than did B and C. Results suggested that trypsins A and D are important in development of mushiness in crayfish tail meat compared with other trypsins present.     

Chemical sex discrimination in the crayfishProcambarus clarkii: Role of antennules

Chemical sex discrimination of conspecifics by male and female crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) was tested. Intact female subjects were more attentive in the presence of stimulus water from males than from females and showed more aggressive postures in the presence of stimulus water from females than from males. Intact males showed more aggressive postures in the presence of stimulus water from males than from females. Females and males with only one inner antennule ramus and one outer ramus performed discrimination and localization almost as well as intact subjects. Subjects with only the two inner rami or only the two outer rami were disadvantaged in either responding to the stimuli or localizing them. The relevance of this outcome to previous conflicting reports on the use of antennules in sex discrimination in crayfish is discussed.     

Comparison between lipid and protein oxidation progress in the tail and claw muscles of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)

Microbial activity and then oxidation progress are the most important freshness indicators during post-mortem. In this study, we monitored proteomic and microbial changes, as well as biochemical degradation, in the tail and claw muscles of crayfish stored for 12 days at +4 °C. One specified protein band at 107 kDa in the claw muscle and two specified protein bands in the tail muscle at 140 and 36–40 kDa were identified. Western blotting indicated a higher amount of oxidised proteins in the tail compared to the claw muscle. Tail muscle showed higher oxidation progress and calpain activity than claw one. Both muscles were spoiled after 12 days with respect to total viable counts. In the first days, calpain activity is the main reason for protein degradation, while protein oxidation dominates for the rest of the time. Lipid–protein oxidation progress showed probably, protein oxidation started earlier than lipid oxidation in both muscles.     

Chemical detection of sex and condition in the crayfishOrconectes virilis

Individual crayfish (Orconectes virilis) were tested for responses to water containing conspecific individuals of several sex-status categories. Isolated males did not react to self water but did show aggressive postures while isolated, nonself male water was introduced. Males' responses to female water was different from responses to male water. Water from aggressing males elicited fewer agonistic postures and more neutral postures. Females showed little difference in response to waters from different categories of conspecifics.     

克氏原螯虾不同可食部位风味成分分析

以克氏原螯虾为研究对象,分别测定克氏原螯虾熟制前后基本营养成分、可食组织得率的变化,运用电子鼻、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用、气相色谱-离子迁移谱（gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS）等技术结合游离氨基酸含量研究克氏原螯虾不同可食部位风味成分的变化。结果表明：克氏原螯虾的重要可食部位是尾肉与肝胰腺,且含有大量蛋白质与脂肪;其中克氏原螯虾肝胰腺熟制前后气味差异远大于尾肉熟制前后气味差异;熟制前后克氏原螯虾尾肉和肝胰腺中共检出59 种挥发性物质,结合GC-IMS分析可知,虾肉熟制后出现新的风味物质,并且一些原有物质（乙酸乙酯、丁酸甲酯和3-辛酮等）含量升高,肝胰腺熟制后挥发性有机物种类（醛类、酮类以及少量醇类和呋喃等物质）减少,含量大部分降低,也有少量物质（乙醇、丙醛、丁醛和戊醛等）含量升高;克氏原螯虾肝胰腺熟制后游离氨基酸总量明显升高,达119.63 mg/g,而尾肉熟制前后游离氨基酸总量相比肝胰腺熟制前后变化较小,但含量很高,达237.51 mg/g。     

不同外源蛋白对小龙虾丸品质的影响

研究小麦面筋蛋白（wheat gluten proteins,WG）、大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）和花生分离蛋白（peanut protein isolate,PPI）的添加对小龙虾丸品质的影响。利用质构仪、色差计、低场核磁共振仪等对添加3 种不同外源蛋白小龙虾丸的感官评分、凝胶特性、持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度和横向弛豫时间T2进行测定,并用Pearson法对各指标进行相关性分析。结果表明：不同添加量的3 种非肌肉蛋白均能够改善小龙虾丸凝胶特性,提高保水性,降低蒸煮损失率,改善小龙虾丸内部空间三维网络结构,降低白度,各指标之间相关性显著（P＜0.05）;相比于SPI和PPI,添加WG对小龙虾丸品质的改善最为明显,WG添加量为6%时,小龙虾丸的凝胶强度、保水性比对照组分别增加64.8%和11.3%;小龙虾丸白度随着外源蛋白添加量的增加而降低,其中WG能有效降低对小龙虾丸白度的影响,与SPI和PPI组差异显著（P＜0.05）;PPI添加量2%时,小龙虾丸感官评分和凝胶特性优于WG和SPI组。整体而言,选用添加量6%的WG更能有效提高小龙虾丸品质及消费者可接受度。     

小龙虾头与尾匀浆灌胃诱发SD大鼠哈夫病样损害

本研究拟探讨致病小龙虾头与尾匀浆在诱导SD大鼠发生食源性哈夫病相关重要生化指标变化中的作用。将深圳市一起食源性哈夫病病人食用的同一来源小龙虾头(肝胰腺)和尾(虾肉)分开并高温处理后对SD大鼠进行灌胃,不同时间点取血液后分离血清进行肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等多种生化指标检测;分析小龙虾头与尾匀浆在不同时间点诱导SD大鼠哈夫病诊断指标出现变化的情况。结果显示,肝胰腺灌胃24 h后肝胰腺组大鼠血清中CK(613±220.6)、CK-MB(509±196.1)和LDH(1044±672.8)出现超过对照组2倍标准差的异常值,P分别为0.523、0.417和p=0.237。灌胃48h后,虾肉组大鼠血清中CK(78±12.5)、CK-MB(78±12.5)和LDH(954±694.2)出现超过对照组2倍标准差的异常值,p分别为0.11、0.11和0.87。通过灌胃处理后不同时间点检测相关重要生化指标,初步鉴定出哈夫病诊断相关重要指标出现异常的大鼠,可为食用小龙虾导致哈夫病的快速诊断及其致病机理提供科学线索。     

江苏地区克氏原螯虾中镉的膳食暴露及风险评估

为量化江苏地区人群克氏原螯虾镉的膳食暴露量,以江苏地区克氏原螯虾为研究对象并运用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行检测,同时结合获得镉的检测数据和江苏地区人群的膳食消费量,运用点评估和概率评估两种方法评价江苏地区克氏原螯虾中镉的膳食暴露及风险。结果显示:江苏地区705个克氏原螯虾样品中镉含量的平均值为0.068 mg/kg,有2个样品的镉含量超标,超标率为0.28%。点评估结果显示,江苏地区人群克氏原螯虾镉的暴露量的平均值、75分位数和90分位数分别占暂定每月耐受摄入量(provisional tolerable monthly intake,PTMI)的0.07%、0.05%和0.32%。概率评估结果显示,江苏地区人群食用克氏原螯虾的镉暴露量的平均值、75分位数和90分位数分别占PTMI的0.08%、0.10%和0.21%,江苏地区91.6%人群镉的暴露量处于安全水平。江苏地区人群克氏原螯虾镉的膳食暴露量总体处于安全水平范围内,长期食用克氏原螯虾不会增加总膳食镉的摄入量。     

小龙虾肉脯的工艺优化

本文以质构、色差、感官评分为指标,研究糖盐比、TG酶添加量、烤制温度、烤制时间对小龙虾肉脯品质的影响。在此基础上,以感官评分和硬度为响应值,采用响应面设计优化工艺条件,得到的最佳工艺参数为:100 g小龙虾肉,糖盐比7.5∶2.5（10.0 g）、TG酶添加量2.00 U/g、烤制温度145℃、烤制时间9 min,此工艺加工而成的小龙虾肉脯产品片形整齐,厚薄均匀,色泽淡红清亮,咸甜适宜,有较好的弹性,硬度、咀嚼性适中,感官评分为89.00分,硬度为540.45 N,试验结果值与理论预测值误差分别是0.84%、0.46%,模型拟合度好,试验结果可靠。