Impact of the addition of an enzyme pool on an activated sludge system treating dairy wastewater under fat shock loads

BACKGROUND: The application of lipase‐rich enzyme pools (such as the crude solid enzymatic preparation (SEP) obtained from Penicillium restrictum solid‐state fermentation of agro‐industrial wastes) to activated sludge systems may be an effective strategy for preventing various operational problems. The continuous addition of SEP to the treatment system can become cost‐prohibitive when in situ production and/or storage are factored in. The application of SEP to high‐fat wastewater treatment would only be justified as an emergency measure, such as a sudden increase in the fat content of the bioreactor influent. Therefore, the primary objective of this work was to investigate the efficiency of a crude SEP during fat shock loads, simulated through the periodic addition of dairy industry waste containing high fat concentrations to the feed stock of an activated sludge system, operated in continuous mode. RESULTS: The test bioreactor exhibited a higher average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency than the control bioreactor (83% for control and 90% for test) and the fat accumulation in the biological flocs of the test bioreactor was 3.2 times lower than that in the control bioreactor. Turbidity was also lower in the effluent of the test bioreactor (123 and 66 FTU in control and test, respectively) and it had a shorter recovery time between shock loads, especially when the interval between loads was shorter than one month (biweekly and weekly shock loads). CONCLUSION: The addition of SEP during fat overloads in the reactor feed maintained efficient COD removal in the test bioreactor for 270 days without any operational problems. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stress in Dairy Farming and the Adoption of New Technology.

Previous studies have identified a number of different farm stressors and have reported gender and age differences in levels of stress. This study aimed to determine stress experienced by New Zealand dairy farmers, particularly in relation to adoption of new technology and its relationship to age and gender. Measures of farm stress and adoption of technology were completed by 985 dairy farmers. The highest levels of stress were reported for time pressures, machinery breakdown, weather, and government policies. Stress related to new technologies occurred rarely. Women reported more stress and higher levels of stress for understanding new technologies. There was also an increase in severity of stress with age related to new technologies. Overall, stress levels were moderate and may reflect favorable economic conditions. The findings suggest a need to tailor stress interventions to meet specific needs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

国内外拉伸型干酪的种类及研究进展

概述了拉伸型干酪的种类、工艺,以及国外拉伸型干酪的研究进展.同时研讨了我国少数民族传统拉伸型干酪-乳扇的生产历史、工艺、研究情况,以及与国外传统拉伸型干酪的比较;并介绍了国内对Mozzarella干酪的研究进展.     

我国奶牛场收入政策及发展

叙述了我国目前乳业概况，就经济体制转变以来，我国的奶生产情况，牧场收入，政府所起的作用及乳业今后面临的挑战等问题进行了分析和论述。     

A Newly Developed Synbiotic Yogurt Prevents Diabetes by Improving the Microbiome–Intestine–Pancreas Axis

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and there are no long-term preventive strategies to stop this growth. Emerging research shows that perturbations in the gut microbiome significantly contribute to the development of T2D, while microbiome modulators may be beneficial for T2D prevention. However, microbiome modulators that are effective, safe, affordable, and able to be administered daily are not yet available. Based on our previous pro- and prebiotic studies, we developed a novel synbiotic yogurt comprised of human-origin probiotics and plant-based prebiotics and investigated its impact on diet- and streptozotocin-induced T2D in mice. We compared the effects of our synbiotic yogurt to those of a commercially available yogurt (control yogurt). Interestingly, we found that the feeding of the synbiotic yogurt significantly reduced the development of hyperglycemia (diabetes) in response to high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin compared to milk-fed controls. Surprisingly, the control yogurt exacerbated diabetes progression. Synbiotic yogurt beneficially modulated the gut microbiota composition compared to milk, while the control yogurt negatively modulated it by significantly increasing the abundance of detrimental bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the synbiotic yogurt protected pancreatic islet morphology compared to the milk control, while the control yogurt demonstrated worse effects on islets. These results suggest that our newly developed synbiotic yogurt protects against diabetes in mice and can be used as a therapeutic to prevent diabetes progression.     

β-乳球蛋白IgG抗原决定簇的识别

以β-乳球蛋白氨基酸序列为模板,错位合成β-乳球蛋白多肽,以收集到的牛乳过敏患者血清为抗体,鉴定β-乳球蛋白IgG抗原决定簇,探讨牛乳过敏机理．结果表明,β-乳球蛋白IgG抗原决定簇有2条,它们在β-乳球蛋白中的氨基酸序列定位分别为aa22—36和aa127—141．结果表明通过特异性水解抗原决定簇实现牛奶脱敏的方法是可行的．     

共轭亚油酸强化型乳制品的稳定性研究

通过牛乳液中添加共轭亚油酸（CLA）,分析杀菌温度、均质压力、乳化剂类型、CLA添加量对牛乳稳定性的影响.实验结果表明：脱脂乳中添加0.17%的CLA稳定性较好,口感纯正;当灭菌温度超过100℃时,CLA含量明显降低;以单苷酯、三聚苷酯和蔗糖酯的混合乳化剂,按1∶1∶2混合的乳液稳定性好;35MPa以上的均质压力下,乳液中的脂肪球细小,分布均匀,口感细腻。     

乳制品行业用水特性与节水措施分析

近年来我国乳制品行业迅速发展,乳品企业在为提高人民生活水平做出积极贡献的同时,也带来了高耗水量、高排水等用水问题。基于蒙牛等乳制品企业水平衡测试成果,通过深入调查乳制品企业用水工艺流程,研究了乳制品企业CIP冲洗、蒸汽杀菌、冷却等用水环节的用水规律和特点,剖析了企业用水量和排水量双高与生产工艺内在要求之间的必然联系。最后,根据研究结果给出了乳制品行业充分合理利用水资源的措施建议。     

Transjurisdictional Water Pollution Management in China: The Legal and Institutional Framework

The current study shows that the recent diesel price hike had an insignificant impact on irrigation costs incurred by diesel well owners in eastern India. Further, analysis of the farming enterprises of diesel well owners and water buyers from both diesel and electric wells confronted with a differential cost of irrigation water showed that farmers would be able to cope with a very high rise in irrigation costs through irrigation efficiency improvements and allocating more area to crops that give higher returns per unit of land and water. By doing this, they are able to maintain the farm returns.     

柑桔皮浸膏的防霉、饲养效果研究

用乙醇对柑桔皮进行浸提,减压蒸馏得柑桔皮浸膏,通过微生物和饲料的防霉试验来探讨柑桔皮浸膏的防霉效果,通过饲养试验来探讨柑桔皮浸提物的着色、增重效果。结果认为,柑桔皮浸膏有一定的防霉抑菌效果,其在饲料中单独使用的防霉效果不如丙酸,但与丙酸配合使用的效果很好,且柑桔皮浸膏对肉仔鸡有明显的着色、增重效果。