生物酶活化海藻制备可降解型保水剂

首先对海藻(A)进行温差破壁及生物酶活化处理,再接枝丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)制备可降解耐盐型保水剂.考察合成最佳条件,用复配酶对产品进行降解试验.结果表明:当冷冻-融熔次数是2,酶质量(E)/海藻质量(A)=1.0%,丙烯酸质量(AA)/丙烯酰胺质量(AM)=4时产品吸水能力及耐盐性最佳,吸去离子水可达409g/g、吸0.9%NaCl溶液可达112.7g/g,保水剂降解96h后海藻降解率达93.3%.IR表明产品接枝性的存在,DSC表明产品热性能良好,SEM表明产品呈多孔性.     

高温水解-好氧接触氧化法处理油田污水的研究

针对油田采出废水温度高、可生化性差的特点,采用高温水解．好氧接触氧化工艺对油田采出废水进行了实验研究。结果表明：当原水COD浓度为200-350mg／L,水解温度为53℃,水解段与好氧段的HRT分别为16h、8h情况下,废水经处理后COD去除率可达到85％;废水经水解预处理后,可生化性有明显提高,为后续好氧生化处理奠定了良好的基础。该工艺适合作为油田污水的处理工艺。     

Nutrient contents,rumen protein degradability and antinutritional factors in some colour- and white-flowering cultivars of Vicia faba beans

Six colour-flowering (Scirocco, Alfred, Carola, Condor, Tina and Herz Freya) and six white-flowering (Caspar, Albatros, Gloria, Tyrol, Vasco and Cresta) cultivars of Vicia faba were studied. The crude protein contents of colour- and white-flowering cultivars were 267±13·6 and 283±18·8 g kg⁻¹, respectively, which did not differ significantly at P<0·05. The levels of lipids, crude fibre, starch and ash varied from 14 to 22 g kg⁻¹, 88 to 143 g kg⁻¹, 407 to 485 g kg⁻¹ and 32 to 42 g kg⁻¹, respectively. The calculated organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) of the white-flowering cultivars were significantly higher (P<0·001) than those of the colour-flowering cultivars (OMD: 889·1±26·6 g kg⁻¹ vs 797·5±17·1 g kg⁻¹; ME: 13·97±0·49 vs 12·30±0·34 MJ kg⁻¹). In all cultivars, sulphur amino acids were lower than adequate concentration when compared with recommended amino acid pattern of FAO/WHO/UNO reference protein for a 2–5-year-old child. The in vitro rumen nitrogen degradability of colour-flowering cultivars was significantly lower (P<0·01) compared to that of white-flowering cultivars (71·4±9·3% vs 88·0±11·1%). Amongst colour-flowering varieties, the contents of total phenols (TP), tannins (T) and condensed tannins (CT) were highest in Alfred (28·3, 21·0 and 35·4 g kg⁻¹, respectively). The contents of TP and T were similar (about 15 and 10 g kg⁻¹, respectively) in Carola, Tina and Herz Freya, and the CT were in the order: Condor>Herz Freya>Carola. The CT were not detected in white-flowering varieties, T were virtually absent and TP were extremely low (4·0–4·9 g kg⁻¹). The activities of other antinutritional factors (white- and colour-flowering cultivars, respectively: trypsin inhibitor activity 3·05±0·34 and 1·85±0·09 mg trypsin inhibited g⁻¹; lectin 27·2±9·4 and 27·1±5·1 mg ml⁻¹ assay medium producing haemagglutination; phytate 15·0±2·7 and 16·6±2·3 g kg⁻¹) were very low. A strong negative correlation (r=-0·92, P<0·001) between tannins and in vitro rumen protein degradability was observed which suggested that tannins have adverse effect on protein degradability. Similarly negative correlations between tannin levels and metabolisable energy (r=-0·89; P<0·001) and organic matter digestibility (r=-0·89; P<0·001) were observed. The correlation coefficient between trypsin inhibitor activity and tannins was negative and highly significant (r=-0·88, P<0·001), whereas between tannins and saponins it was significantly positive (r=0·96, P<0·001). ©1997 SCI     

不同类型染料的缺氧生物降解性能研究

对24种常用染料在缺氧条件下的降解性能作了研究，探讨了不同类型、不同化学结构染料生物降解性的内在影响因素，得出了碱性染料和X型染料最易降解，K型染料次之，M型、KN型再次之。此外，染料的分子量、取代基数量、发色母体基团等也是影响染料缺氧生物降解性能的一个重要因素。     

可降解性高吸水树脂的研究进展

介绍了可降解高吸水树脂的分类(天然高吸水树脂、改性高吸水树脂、合成高吸水树脂)、制备方法(水溶液聚合法、反相悬浮聚合法、本体聚合法等)、可降解性能的改进方法(在合成高分子中引入易生物降解的化学键,以各种天然可降解的聚合物为原料来合成以改善其可降解性能、接枝或共混的方式)以及在不同领域里的应用,详细阐述了近年来可降解高吸水树脂的研究进展,并对其在今后的研究和开发提出了建议和展望。     

PBS/HNBR共混可降解橡胶的制备与性能

将聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）与氢化丁腈橡胶（HNBR）通过熔融共混的方法制备了可以降解的PBS/HNBR共混橡胶。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,分别对水解前后的PBS/HNBR共混橡胶的晶体结构、表面的微观形貌进行了表征。研究了不同的PBS/HNBR共混比对混炼胶的硫化特性、水解前后力学性能、降解性能的影响。结果表明:PBS与HNBR共混并未影响PBS的晶体结构,PBS能较均匀地分散在HNBR橡胶基体中。在150 ℃的强碱溶液条件下,PBS/HNBR共混橡胶出现了一定程度的降解,且随着PBS用量的增加,降解速率提高。当PBS用量为50 g时,共混橡胶的降解程度达到19.50%,拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和硬度都有下降。     

三种添加物对聚乳酸复合膜性能影响

目的 研究聚乳酸复合膜的降解性能,加快聚乳酸材料降解速率。方法 选取淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）、聚乙二醇（PEG）等3种材料,与聚乳酸混合制备4种不同的复合膜。测定复合膜的透光率、力学性能、热性能等指标,使用红外光谱仪对复合膜的基团组成进行表征,使用磷酸盐缓冲液浸泡,测试其降解性能。结果 红外光谱结果显示PLA膜与PLA复合膜的吸收峰没有明显的差别,这证明改性材料与聚乳酸没有发生化学反应。复合膜的DSC曲线显示,添加改性剂后,熔融温度变化不大,无明显影响。降解性能方面,按PLA与复合物的质量比9∶1,8∶2,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5制备多种复合膜,其中质量比9∶1,7∶3,5∶5的PLA/淀粉复合膜在第70天降解率分别为24.11%,24.8%,35.6%;PLA/CMC复合膜的3种质量比降解率为27.64%,30.37%,45.2%。按照PLA与PEG质量比为99∶1,98∶2,97∶3,96∶4,95∶5制备了PLA/PEG复合膜,其中质量比为99∶1,97∶3,95∶5的PLA/PEG复合膜在第70天的降解率分别为25.45%,38.83%,45.83%。PLA/淀粉/PEG复合膜是在PLA/淀粉复合膜的基础上添加PEG制备的,复合膜成分与PEG的质量比为99∶1,98∶2,97∶3,96∶4,95∶5,其中99∶1,97∶3,95∶5这3种复合膜的降解率为40.52%,49.54%,55.67%。各种复合膜的降解率均远优于PLA膜2.5%的降解率。结论 复合材料的添加改变了聚乳酸薄膜的透光性能,增强了薄膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。改性材料的添加能够在不影响聚乳酸本身结构的情况下,显著增强聚乳酸的降解率。     

可降解淀粉微球的性能研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,反相乳液聚合法合成可降解淀粉微球,并测定了它的粒度分布、红外光谱、降解性、载药性等.结果表明：可降解淀粉微球的平均粒径为15.423μm,94%分布在1～50 μm,8 h后被淀粉酶降解11.72%～24.58%,淀粉微球具有很好的可降解性.     

羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸/聚氨酯生物材料的降解性能

以聚乳酸(PDLLA)和聚氨酯(PU)为基体,将纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HA)与其复合,制备了多孔n-HA/PDLLA/PU生物材料,通过模拟体液(SBF)浸泡试验评估材料的生物降解性和矿化活性,测定了降解过程中材料的吸水率和pH变化,以及浸泡前后的质量损失。通过红外光谱分析生物材料浸泡前后结构组成变化,采用热重分析(TG)材料降解前后的热稳定性,并用扫描电镜观察材料降解前后表面形貌特征。结果表明,n-HA/PDLLA/PU生物材料在模拟体液中随浸泡时间的延长由外到内不断降解,可以通过控制PDLLA的含量调节材料的降解速率;随着PDLLA和PU的水解以及n-HA形成新的结晶,生物材料降解后热稳定性降低。