Kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood

In observation-cage experiments some new contact kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood are demonstrated.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves treated with the wing scales of two hosts,Pieris brassicae L. andP. rapae L. Further, egg washes ofP. brassicae containing an oviposition deterrent pheromone for the butterflies, were found to have a contact-kairomonal effect on the parasite.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves sprayed with a methanol or water wash ofP. brassicae eggs than on leaves treated with the solvent only.Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae.Lepidoptera: Pieridae.     

Squash leaf glandular trichome volatiles: Identification and influence on behavior of female pickleworm moth [Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll.)] (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Fourteen volatile compounds occurring in leaf trichomes of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Early Prolific Straightneck) were identified. These compounds accounted for 83.5% of the volatile matrix. Ubiquitous constituents of the epidermis (myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids,n-tricosane, andn-pentacosane) accounted for 73.7%; these compounds were not bioassayed. The volatileso-,m-, andp-xylene, toluene, 2-heptanone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(–)-limonene, and germacrene D were tested for their influence on attraction and oviposition by the pickleworm moth (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). No single compound, except germacrene D, was attractive. (R)-(+)-Limonene and 2-heptanone were weakly repellent. Mixtures of the highly volatile fractions were as attractive as volatiles emanating from whole, intact leaves. Oviposition levels on treated artificial sites corresponded with levels of visitation. Oviposition was significantly stimulated by whole-leaf volatiles, and (S)-(–)-limonene caused a slight but significant reduction.Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a warranty or guarantee by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

Ultra-Damping Composites Enhanced by Yolk–Shell Piezoelectric Damping Mechanism

High-performance damping materials are significant toward reducing vibration and maintaining stability for industrial applications. Herein, a yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism is reported, which can enhance mechanical energy dissipation and improve damping capability. With the addition of yolk–shell particles and carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive network, damping properties of various resin matrices are enhanced with the energy dissipation path of mechanical to electrical to heat energy. Particularly, the peak loss factor of epoxy composites reaches 1.91 and tan δ area increases by 25.72% at 20 °C. The results prove the general applicability of yolk–shell piezoelectric damping mechanism. Besides, the novel damping materials also exhibit excellent flexibility, stretchability, and resilience, offering a promising application toward damping coating, indicating broad scope of application in transportation and sophisticated electronics, etc.     

Chemical mediation of egg capsule deposition by mud snails

Mud snails (Ilyanassa obsoleta = Nassarius obsoletus = Nassa obsoleta) deposit eggs in protective capsules on hard substrata in soft bottom environments. We studied sites of egg capsule deposition and snail movement responses to odors to determine if chemoreception plays a role in deposition site selection. From results of field surveys, laboratory experiments, and field experiments, we conclude that mud snails use chemoreception for capsule deposition. Attractive odors originate from mud snail and whelk egg capsules and from living bivalves. Evidence for attractive odors from conspecifics is equivocal. Capsules are deposited on living odor sources and nearby hard substrates. We hypothesize that deposition of capsules on living substrates increases the likelihood that embryos will survive by decreasing the chance of smothering of embryos by sediments.     

豆浆污染管式膜清洗系统的实验研究

开发海绵橡胶球(固)-水(液)两相清洗系统，用于豆浆污染的管式膜的清洗．通过海绵橡胶球清洗与传统大量水冲清洗方法对水通量恢复率和蛋清截留率的比较，确认了前者具有良好的清洗效果．前者恢复率比后者高约10％，蛋清截留率基本不受影响，对膜孔径无明显影响．     

蛋清蛋白、大豆分离蛋白及其美拉德反应产物膜包裹对核桃仁脂质过氧化作用的比较研究

本文通过测定核桃油酸价、过氧化值、丙二醛含量、碘值和DPPH自由基清除率五个指标的变化研究比较蛋清蛋白膜、大豆分离蛋白膜及其与木糖美拉德反应产物膜包裹对核桃仁脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明,随着反应时间（0⁸d）的增加,核桃仁酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量均呈现上升趋势,DPPH自由基清除率均呈现下降趋势,而碘值则变化不明显。加热第8d时,四种膜包裹核桃仁的酸价、过氧化值和丙二醛含量均小于未包膜的核桃仁,DPPH自由基清除率高于未包膜的核桃仁。四种膜包裹核桃仁的酸价无显著性差异（p>0.05）;而过氧化值中以蛋清蛋白膜组较高,且其余三组的无显著性差异（p>0.05）;四种膜包裹核桃仁的丙二醛含量均明显低于未包膜组,延缓丙二醛含量上升的效果依次为:大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜>蛋清蛋白-木糖膜>大豆分离蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜;大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜包裹核桃仁保留的DPPH自由基清除率明显高于其它三种膜。综上所述,两种蛋白及其美拉德反应产物膜包裹均可延缓核桃仁脂质过氧化,综合各项指标其效果依次为:大豆分离蛋白-木糖膜>蛋清蛋白-木糖膜>大豆分离蛋白膜>蛋清蛋白膜。      

鸡蛋货架期的研究进展与展望

鸡蛋营养丰富,是人体重要的动物蛋白质来源,在膳食中的地位和作用不可替代。随着消费者营养和健康意识的提高,鸡蛋的品质和安全性越来越受到关注。本文首先对鸡蛋货架期的概念标准,哈氏单位、质量损失率、蛋黄系数、微生物含量等表征指标及其影响因素如温度、振动、微生物侵染等进行了介绍,然后对清洗涂膜、气调包装及低温储藏等延长鸡蛋货架期的技术研究进行了分析,最后对鸡蛋品质及其货架期的未来研究方向进行了展望。      

烤制鹌鹑蛋挥发性成分SPME条件优化

以鹌鹑蛋为原材料,研究了烤制鹌鹑蛋挥发性成分的固相微萃取(SPME)条件。通过单因素和正交实验对萃取头种类、样品萃取量、萃取时间、萃取温度以及解吸时间进行优化。结果表明,较佳的萃取条件为:DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头,萃取时间为30min,萃取温度为65℃,样品萃取量为2g,解析时间为2min。在此条件下,检测到烤制鹌鹑蛋中的挥发性成分34种。      

蛋清活性肽的研究进展

我国蛋品资源丰富,鸡蛋蛋清不仅是优质蛋白质的来源,也是产生活性肽的原料。蛋清蛋白经不同的酶水解后产生不同活性的功能片段,比如抗氧化、调节血压、抗凝血、抑菌、改善记忆等。文章介绍了蛋清活性肽的制备方法及活性研究现状,论述了蛋清活性肽的未来重点研发前景,以期为后续深入的基础研究和应用开发提供参考。      

二重LAMP检测鸡蛋污染致病菌

为快速检测污染鸡蛋的致病菌,实验从鸡蛋蛋体表面得到2株菌X1、X2,结合16S r RNA克隆及质粒测序分子方法对2株菌分类分析,发现2株菌X1和X2分别为:蜡样芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus NC7401(AP007209)、金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus(AP003088)。针对两种菌的nhe、nuc基因具有较强的保守性,设计2套环介导等温扩增(LAMP)引物。先进行反应体系优化,得到25μL LAMP反应体系最适温度为60℃、最适Mg SO4添加量为1.5μL,引物最适量为2.0μL。再进行二重LAMP鉴定2株污染鸡蛋的致病菌,发现目的菌X1和X2的特异性扩增结果为阳性,其他9株非目的菌扩增结果为阴性,其灵敏度检测限达10 fg/μL。此二重LAMP检测法有快速、特异、灵敏的特点,可快速检测食源性致病菌。