对我国饲料添加剂工业的几点发展建议

指出了我国饲料添加剂品种少、产量低、技术水平低、创新少等问题，提出了发展氨基酸、药物添加剂、生物工程等一系列建议。     

Development of Habitat Suitability Criteria and In‐Stream Habitat Assessment for the Benthic Cyanobacteria Phormidium

Global demand for freshwater has led to unprecedented levels of water abstraction from riverine systems. This has resulted in large alterations in natural river flows. The deleterious impacts of reduced flows on fish and macroinvertebrate abundances have been thoroughly investigated; in contrast, there is a limited understanding of the potential for changes in the abundance of nuisance benthic algal/cyanobacterial blooms. In New Zealand, Phormidium sp. blooms are common in numerous rivers during summer low flows. In this study, an in‐stream habitat assessment is used to examine the relationship between Phormidium habitat availability and reducing flows. Over 650 observations of Phormidium mats, from seven sites (Hutt River, lower North Island, New Zealand), were used to construct habitat suitability curves for depth, velocity and substrate. Preference curves were fitted using both the ‘forage ratio’ and ‘quantile regression’ methods. Phormidium growth, observed at all seven sites, increased significantly from upstream (uppermost site, 5.2% mat cover) to downstream (63.5%). The habitat suitability curves revealed Phormidium had a large tolerance to velocity, depth and substrate type. Consequently, decreases in flow had only negligible effects on available Phormidium habitat. During periods of stable flow, Phormidium abundance positively correlated with increased nitrogen concentrations, potentially explaining the large variation in Phormidium cover from upstream to downstream. Quantile regression generated habitat suitability criteria were a more accurate predictor of available Phormidium habitat than the forage ratio criteria. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丹江口市坡耕地牧草种植水土保持综合效益分析

加强坡耕地的水土流失综合防治,对于中线调水工程的有效运行和当地经济社会的持续发展具有重要意义。通过在丹江口市一径流小区开展的为期2 a的试验,对比分析了坡耕地在不同种植方式下的水土流失状况和经济效益。研究表明,在坡耕地种植牧草可以有效减少水土流失,且多年生牧草比一年生牧草具有更好的水土保持效果,坡耕地种草养畜的经济效益要高于种植农作物。从水土保持效益、环境效益和经济效益等方面来看,坡耕地种草养畜有着较广阔的应用前景。     

Ruminal fermentation,kinetics, and total-tract digestibility of lactating dairy cows fed distillers dried grains with solubles in low- and high-forage diets

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of concentrations of forages and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on ruminal fermentation, ruminal kinetics, and total-tract digestibility of nutrients in lactating dairy cows. Four lactating Holstein cows with ruminal cannulas were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were formulated to contain low forage [LF; 17% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF)] or high forage (HF; 24.5% forage NDF) and DDGS at 0 or 18% (0DG or 18DG) of diet dry matter (DM). Intake of DM was not affected by the diets. Daily mean ruminal pH was affected by forage NDF × DDGS interactions, as the lowest ruminal pH was observed among cows fed LF18DG (6.02). Apparent total-tract digestibility for DM, organic matter, crude protein, NDF, acid detergent fiber, and starch was not affected by diets. Cows fed LF diets had a greater total volatile fatty acid concentration compared with cows fed HF (122 vs. 116 mM). Molar proportions of acetate were greater for HF compared with that of LF diets (62.6 vs. 57.5 mmol/100 mmol) and greater for 0DG diet compared with that of 18DG diets (61.3 vs. 58.7 mmol/100 mmol) diets. The molar proportion of propionate was affected by forage × DDGS interaction as the greatest propionate molar proportion was observed with cows fed LF18DG diet (27.7 mmol/100 mmol). Also, molar proportion of butyrate was affected by forage × DDGS interaction, as the greatest butyrate molar proportion was observed in cows fed HF18DG diet (13.5 mmol/100 mmol). Average fractional dilution rate for all diets was 11.9%/h and was not affected by diets. Fractional passage rate of the solid phase was greater for HF than for LF (4.40 vs. 3.76%/h). The ruminal retention time of solid phase was greater for LF compared with HF diets (27.3 vs. 23.3 h). Fractional passage rate of DDGS was affected by forage × DG interaction, as the highest fractional passage rate of DDGS was observed with cows fed HF18DG diet (7.72%/h). Our results demonstrated that concentrations of forage, DDGS, and their interaction influence ruminal degradation and kinetics of diets fed. Diets formulated at 17% forage NDF at 17% (DM basis) can decrease milk fat concentration compared with diets formulated at 25% forage NDF. Additionally, feeding DDGS at 18% DM basis to lactating dairy cows did not affect milk fat concentration or yield.     

Chewing,rumen pool characteristics,and lactation performance of dairy cows fed 2 concentrations of a corn wet-milling coproduct with different forage sources

We used a novel corn wet-milling coproduct [CMP; approximately 70% dry matter, 28% crude protein, 36% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 18% nonstructural carbohydrates] in diets formulated to contain 18.4% forage NDF, 17.4% crude protein, 20.2% starch, and 3.7% sugar. Six primiparous, rumen-cannulated Jersey cows were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were formulated to contain 20 and 30% CMP with 3 forage sources [corn silage (CS) and 40.5% NDF, CS replaced with 10% alfalfa hay (AH) and 45.0% NDF, or CS replaced with 7% grass hay (GH) and 67.4% NDF], with each providing 18.4% forage NDF in the diet. Total-tract digestibilities of NDF, N, and organic matter were not affected by treatment. Similarly, no treatment effects were detected for kinetics of NDF disappearance in situ from CMP or respective forage source or for N disappearance in situ from CMP. Grass hay increased total and liquid pool size of rumen contents compared with AH (by 3.2 and 3.0 kg, respectively). Total time spent chewing increased in cows fed GH by over 35 min compared with those fed AH, partially due to a trend for increased minutes spent ruminating. Mean particle size of rumen contents also tended to be higher in the GH (0.55 mm) than AH (0.69 mm) diets. No effects on production of milk or milk components were detected, but dry matter intake (DMI) tended to decrease when CMP increased from 20 to 30%. Gross feed efficiency (fat-corrected milk/DMI) tended to be greater when cows were fed AH and GH compared with CS and was greater for AH than GH diets. In diets containing low starch, increasing CMP from 20 to 30% potentially maintained similar fat-corrected milk production with lower DMI. However, more consideration also should be given to interactions among forages with respect to fill, digestion, and passage of fiber with increased inclusion rates of CMP.     

Dried distillers grains plus solubles with corn silage or alfalfa hay as the primary forage source in dairy cow diets

Nine multiparous (250 ± 6 d in milk) and 3 primiparous (204 ± 6 d in milk) Holstein cows were utilized in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the lactation performance of cows fed a diet containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) with either corn silage or alfalfa hay as forage. Cows were fed total mixed diets containing corn silage (CS), 50% corn silage and 50% alfalfa hay (CSAH), or alfalfa hay (AH) as the forage source. All diets had a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio, contained 15% DDGS, and were formulated to be equal in metabolizable protein. Dry matter intake increased when cows were fed CSAH (24.9 kg/d) compared with CS (21.9 kg/d) and AH (20.9 kg/d). Yields of milk (26.5, 28.4, 29.0 kg/d for CS, CSAH, and AH, respectively) increased linearly as proportions of alfalfa fed increased but 4% fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were not affected by treatment. Feed efficiency (1.28, 1.23, and 1.45 kg of energy-corrected milk/kg of intake) improved when AH was fed compared with CS or CSAH. Milk fat concentration (3.67, 3.55, and 3.49%) decreased linearly when alfalfa replaced corn silage, but was observed only in primiparous cows, not multiparous cows. Milk protein concentration (3.32, 3.29, and 3.29%) was not affected by diet although yield (0.90, 0.96, and 0.98 kg/d) tended to increase linearly when alfalfa was added to the diet. This may have been due to an increase in essential amino acid (AA) availability and uptake by the mammary gland or to greater crude protein intake in cows fed AH. In addition, replacing corn silage with alfalfa increased the uptake of Lys by the mammary gland. Methionine was the first-limiting AA based on the transfer efficiency of AA in arterial plasma to milk protein. However, Lys was the first-limiting AA in CS and CSAH and Met was first limiting in AH for mammary gland extraction efficiency of AA from plasma. In conclusion, replacing corn silage with alfalfa hay in diets containing 15% DDGS increased milk yield and tended to increase milk protein yield linearly in cows during late lactation. Feeding alfalfa hay as the sole forage source improved feed efficiency compared with diets containing corn silage.     

Banding increases effectiveness of fertilizer P for alfalfa production

A field experiment was conducted from 1992 to 1996 on an existing alfalfa (Medicago sativa Leyss) stand located on a P-deficient Black Chernozem (Typic Boroll) soil at Ponoka, Alberta, to compare the effectiveness of broadcasting (spread over the soil surface) versus banding (1.5 cm wide band placed 5 cm deep and 15 cm apart, using a coulter-type disc drill) of annual and one-time applications of P fertilizer on dry matter yield (DMY), P-use efficiency of applied P (PUE), protein yield (PY), recovery of fertilizer P (PR), net returns (NR) and non-renewable energy performance of alfalfa hay. There was a marked increase in DMY and PY from all the P application treatments in all the five years. Banding produced greater increase in DMY and PY than broadcasting, with both the annual (by 954 kg DMY ha^–1 and 205 kg PY ha^–1) and one-time application (by 742 kg DMY ha^–1 and 173 kg PY ha^–1) applications. The PUE (averaged across P rates and years) was greater with banding as compared to broadcasting by 58 kg DMY kg^–1 P ha^–1 for annual applications, and by 47 kg DMY kg^–1 P ha^–1 for one-time applications. In the same order, PR values were 16.0 and 12.1% greater with banding than broadcasting. Despite the higher costs of banding than broadcasting, net returns were significantly higher with banding in nearly all years. The differences between banding and broadcasting were generally greater at lower than at higher P rates. Based on the 5-year means, annual and one-time P applications produced similar increase in DMY, PY, PUE, PR and NR. In contrast, non-renewable energy inputs were higher for banding than broadcasting, but energy use efficiency was similar for both methods of application. In conclusion, method of P placement had the greatest effect on DMY, PY, PUE, PR, NR and energy performance, whereas annual and one-time applications showed similar results. The results suggest that alfalfa forage productivity and profitability can be improved by banding the P fertilizer with a coulter type disc in comparison to the conventional application method of broadcasting.     

Comparison of brown midrib-6 and -18 forage sorghum with conventional sorghum and corn silage in diets of lactating dairy cows

Total mixed rations containing conventional forage sorghum, brown midrib (bmr)-6 forage sorghum, bmr-18 forage sorghum, or corn silage were fed to Holstein dairy cows to determine the effect on lactation, ruminal fermentation, and total tract nutrient digestion. Sixteen multiparous cows (4 ruminally fistulated; 124 d in milk) were assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated Latin square design with 4-wk periods (21-d adaptation and 7 d of collection). Diets consisted of 40% test silage, 10% alfalfa silage, and 50% concentrate mix (dry basis). Acid detergent lignin concentration was reduced by 21 and 13%, respectively, for the bmr-6 and bmr-18 sorghum silages when compared with the conventional sorghum. Dry matter intake was not affected by diet. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk was greatest for cows fed bmr-6 (33.7 kg/d) and corn silage (33.3 kg/d), was least for cows fed the conventional sorghum (29.1 kg/d), and was intermediate for cows fed the bmr-18 sorghum (31.2 kg/d), which did not differ from any other diet. Total tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was greatest for the bmr-6 sorghum (54.4%) and corn silage (54.1%) diets and was lower for the conventional (40.8%) and bmr-18 sorghum (47.9%) diets. In situ extent of NDF digestion was greatest for the bmr-6 sorghum (76.4%) and corn silage (79.0%) diets, least for the conventional sorghum diet (70.4%), and intermediate for the bmr-18 sorghum silage diet (73.1%), which was not different from the other diets. Results of this study indicate that the bmr-6 sorghum hybrid outperformed the conventional sorghum hybrid; the bmr-18 sorghum was intermediate between conventional and bmr-6 in most cases. Additionally, the bmr-6 hybrid resulted in lactational performance equivalent to the corn hybrid used in this study. There are important compositional differences among bmr forage sorghum hybrids that need to be characterized to predict animal response accurately.     

Application of principal component analysis to the prediction of lucerne forage protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility by NIR spectroscopy

Application of principal component regression (PCR) was proposed for the development of a prediction equation of forage composition by near infra-red spectroscopy. PCR involves two steps: (a) the creation of new synthetic variables by principal component analysis (PCA) of spectral data, and (b) multiple linear regression with these new variables. Results obtained by this procedure have been compared with those generated by the conventional application of multiple linear regression (MLR) on spectral data. The comparison used the determination of protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) in 345 samples of lucerne forages. For protein determination, results of both procedures were quite similar (correlation coefficients: 0.978 and 0.980; standard errors of calibration: 0.86 and 0.84% DM; standard errors of prediction: 0.81 and 0.80% DM respectively for MLR and PCR prediction equations). The same was observed for IVDMD determination (correlation coefficients: 0.942 and 0.951; standard errors of calibration: 1.89 and 1.71% DM; standard errors of prediction: 2.22 and 2.22% DM, respectively). A large number of PCA variables were necessary for an accurate prediction of both constituents. The influence of the number of regression terms introduced in the PCR equation has been studied. The criterion for stopping the introduction of new terms in PCR did not seem as critical as in MLR.     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定饲料中高氯酸盐含量

目的建立液相色谱串联质谱检测饲料中高氯酸盐含量的方法。方法饲料样品经乙腈-水(2:1,V:V)超声提取,高速离心后,上清液经石墨炭黑固相萃取柱净化,液相色谱串联质谱测定,内标法定量。结果高氯酸盐在0～100ng/mL浓度范围内呈良好线性关系(r2=0.9998)。本方法的定量限为15.0μg/kg。高氯酸盐在15～150μg/kg添加浓度范围内,回收率为95.1%～102.4%,相对标准偏差为1.13%～9.82%。结论本方法前处理简单,具有较高准确度、灵敏度、稳定性,可以满足饲料中高氯酸盐的含量检测。