Cure Levels, Processing Methods and Meat Source Effects on Low-fat Frankfurters

Frankfurters were manufactured from lean meats (100% beef and 50:50 beef-pork) to contain reduced levels of fat (about 1.3%). A curing solutibn was added to yield 160% of fresh meat weight. Three processing methods, coarse ground tumbled, fine ground tumbled and fine ground emulsified were used. All products were cooked in live steam to 71°C internal temperature. Product yields, penetrometer values, color, chemical composition, caloric content and added water were evaluated. Emulsified frankfurters from 50:50 beef-pork mixtures at 160% cure had texture similar to conventional product as well as increased (P<0.05) yields, acceptable color and 74% fewer calories.     

Steam Surface Pasteurization of Beef Frankfurters

Meat and poultry products are sources of foodborne bacterial contamination. We used flash steam heating followed by evaporative cooling to quickly reduce bacterial contamination on the surface of beef frankfurters without degrading appearance. The rate of heat transfer was studied by measuring surface temperature in a pressure chamber during steam heating. Quality changes were determined by measuring color and weight as functions of steam temperature and treatment time. Efficacy of the process was verified by microbiological experiments using L. innocua. Treatment times of 30–40 set at 115–136°C gave a 4 log reduction in bacterial counts on the surface without severely affecting color or weight. After long-term storage at 6°C and at 19°C, levels of bacteria on inoculated frankfurters remained reduced and there was no difference between treated and untreated products in color or weight.     

Alaska Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Mince and Surimi as Partial Meat Substitutes in Frankfurters: N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation

Studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of using 3 forms of Alaska pollock (AP) as a partial substitute for meat in a nitrite-cured product. The effect of several pre- and post-processing storage conditions on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were studied in frankfurters substituted with 15 and 50% unwashed and washed mince and surimi. In franks made with unwashed mince, frozen stored prior to processing, NDMA increased during frozen storage; little change was observed in franks containing washed mince and surimi. Refrigerated storage of franks generally showed a decrease in NDMA with all 3 forms of fish. Overall, the use of washed mince and surimi at the 15% substitution level gave mean values less than 2 ppb NDMA, even after boiling. The results indicate that 50% unwashed AP mince should not be used as a partial substitute for meat in frankfurters.     

以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物替代动物脂肪在法兰克福香肠中的应用

将以多糖（魔芋粉、κ-卡拉胶和大麦β-葡聚糖）为基质的脂肪模拟物分别以20%、40%、60%和80%的比例替代猪脂肪用于法兰克福香肠生产中,探讨猪脂肪的不同替代比例对法兰克福香肠品质特性和感官特性的影响。结果表明,随着脂肪模拟物替代比例的增加,香肠的水分含量和碳水化合物含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而总脂质含量、蛋白含量、灰分含量、能量值和脂肪卡路里值显著降低（P<0.05）。而且,随着脂肪替代物替代量的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失率、乳化稳定性显著降低（P<0.05）,亮度值增加,硬度以及咀嚼性降低。另外,低场核磁结果表明替代脂肪能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P<0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。然而,较高的脂肪替代比例（60%和80%）显著降低肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G′）和损失模量（G′′）（ P<0.05）,而且降低了法兰克福香肠的总体可接受性。上述研究结果表明,以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物能够在法兰克福香肠中部分替代猪脂肪,且以40%的替代比例为最佳。     

Evaluation of Changes in Listeria monocytogenes Populations on Frankfurters at Different Stages from Manufacturing to Consumption

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the fate of inoculated Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters stored under conditions simulating those that may be encountered between manufacturing and consumption. Frankfurters with or without 1.5% potassium lactate and 0.1% sodium diacetate (PL/SD) were inoculated (1.8 ± 0.1 log CFU/cm²) with a 10‐strain composite of L. monocytogenes, vacuum‐packaged, and stored under conditions simulating predistribution storage (24 h, 4 °C), temperature abuse during transportation (7 h, 7 °C followed by 7 h, 12 °C), and storage before purchase (60 d, 4 °C; SBP). At 0, 20, 40, and 60 d of SBP, samples were exposed to conditions simulating delivery from stores to homes or food establishments (3 h, 23 °C), and then opened or held vacuum‐packaged at 4 or 7 °C for 14 d (SHF). Pathogen counts remained relatively constant on frankfurters with PL/SD regardless of product age and storage conditions; however, they increased on product without antimicrobials. In vacuum‐packaged samples, during SHF at 4 °C, the pathogen grew faster (P < 0.05) on older product (20 d of SBP) compared to product that was fresh (0 d of SBP); a similar trend was observed in opened packages. At 7 °C, the fastest growth (0.35 ± 0.02 log CFU/cm²/d) was observed on fresh product in opened packages; in vacuum‐packages, growth rates on fresh and aged products were similar. By day 40 of SBP the pathogen reached high numbers and increased slowly or remained unchanged during SHF. This information may be valuable in L. monocytogenes risk assessments and in development of guidelines for storage of frankfurters between package opening and product consumption.     

植物油预乳状液替代猪脂肪对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响

将1 g/100 mL氧化绿原酸添加到以猪血浆蛋白水解物作为乳化剂所制备的水包油型乳状液中,以此获得高稳定性的植物油预乳状液。然后将该预乳状液以15%、30%、45%和60%的比例替代猪脂肪加入到法兰克福香肠中,探讨替代脂肪比例对香肠品质特性的影响。测定香肠的蒸煮损失、质构、色度以及水分迁移规律,同时测定肉糜的乳化稳定性和流变特性。结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）,硬度、咀嚼性、L*值和b*值显著增加（P＜0.05）,而弹性、黏结性、感官评价无显著变化（P＞0.05）。低场核磁研究结果发现,预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P＜0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。与此同时,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,肉糜的乳化稳定性显著增加（P＜0.05）。另外,肉糜的流变学测定结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著提高肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G’）和损失模量（G′′）,而且显著降低了相位角正切值（tanδ）（P＜0.05）。在法兰克福香肠的制作中猪脂肪能够被预乳状液部分替代,而且对香肠的感官无显著影响,尤其以45%的替代量为最佳。     

Dried Soy Tofu Powder Effects on Frankfurters and Pork Sausage Patties

Regular frankfurters treated with tofu powder had decreased fat with no significant differences in color, texture, or overall acceptability compared to a control by sensory analysis. Lean frankfurters with tofu powder had lower moisture and color, better texture, and overall acceptability with no flavor differences from controls. Except for fracturability, there were no differences in texture-related parameters by Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) between regular and control frankfurters but treated lean frankfurters had improved texture. Lean pork sausages treated with tofu powder were lower in fat, higher in protein, and moisture with no differences in sensory attributes compared to controls.     

Low-Fat, High-Moisture Frankfurters: Effects of Temperature and Water during Extended Mixing

Frankfurters containing 15% fat and 25% added water were produced using conventional practice or minced meat batters were mixed for 30 min (extended mixing, EM) at 2 or 16°C with all or 30% of the formulation water. EM had minimal effects on yield, purge, and texture. Products were darker and less yellow than non-EM frankfurters. The lower mixing temperature resulted in firmer (P < 0.05) frankfurters. However, mixing temperature did not affect other properties. Time of water addition affected most properties. Frankfurters from treatments mixed with 100% of formulation water were firmer, darker, redder, less yellow, and required more extension to fracture.     

Effectiveness of potassium lactate and sodium diacetate in combination with irradiation to control Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters

ABSTRACT:  The use of antimicrobial ingredients in combination with irradiation is an effective antilisterial intervention strategy for ready-to-eat meat products. Microbial safety was evaluated for frankfurters formulated with 0% or 3% added potassium lactate/sodium diacetate solution and inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes before or after treatment with irradiation (0, 1.8, or 2.6 kGy). Frankfurters were stored aerobically or vacuum packaged and L. mo nocytogenes counts and APCs were determined while refrigerated. The incorporation of lactate/diacetate with or without irradiation had a strong listeriostatic effect for aerobically stored frankfurters. Outgrowth was suppressed and counts were not different from initial counts (5.2 log CFU/frank compared with 5.0 log CFU/frank); however, those without the additive increased steadily (5.4 to 9.3 log CFU/frank). Irradiation treatments alone had higher L. monocytogenes counts after 3 wk. For vacuum-packaged frankfurters, both the addition of lactate/diacetate and irradiation were effective at controlling growth after 8 wk. Large and incremental reductions in total counts were seen for irradiation treatments. Initial counts were reduced by 3 log CFU with the application of 1.8 kGy while 2.6 kGy decreased counts over 5 log CFU. These reductions were maintained throughout storage for lactate/diacetate-treated frankfurters. By 8 wk, L. monocytogenes counts on 1.8 and 2.6 kGy irradiated frankfurters without lactate/diacetate increased to 7.43 and 6.13 log CFU, respectively. Overall, lactate/diacetate retarded the outgrowth of L. monocytogenes on frankfurters throughout aerobic storage and the combination of irradiation and 3% lactate/diacetate reduced and retarded growth of L. monocytogenes , especially during the last 2 wk of vacuum-packaged storage.     

Textural Properties of Chicken Frankfurters with Added Collagen Fibers

Chicken frankfurters made with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8% added collagen fibers and 10, 15, 20, 25, 30% added water were evaluated for textural differences using a torsion test and sensory texture profile analysis. Frankfurters with high amounts of added water and low amounts of collagen fibers had lower shear stress values. Sensory analysis indicated that both collagen fibers and added water had significant influences (P<0.05) on hardness, springiness and juiciness. The addition of collagen fibers resulted in harder, springier, and less juicy frankfurters. Added water resulted in softer, less springy and juicier frankfurters. Response surface methodology demonstrated that for 2% added collagen, the optimum added water was ～20%.