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1.
Herein, the assessment of commercial beef and chicken bouillons in terms of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and some of their precursors was evaluated. Creatine and creatinine levels were ranged between 0.57–0.80 and 0.28–0.94 mg g−1, respectively. Glutamic acid was found to be the most abundant amino acid in both bouillons. 2-amino-3,7,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (7,8-DiMeIQx, up to 0.03 ng g−1) was the only quantified analyte in beef bouillons, whereas it (up to 0.08 ng g−1) was determined in addition to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-ƒ]quinoxaline (IQx, up to 0.08 ng g−1) in chicken bouillons. Creatine, creatinine and free amino acid composition did not have the capacity to initiate the formation of HAAs. Therefore, bouillons do not pose risk in terms of HAAs. However, it should be noted that multiple factors, such as the substrate amount and production conditions, may affect the results. Glutamic acid content is remarkable in commercial bouillons sold in Turkey. 相似文献
2.
Red blood spot (RBS) commonly found in cooked chicken breast has caused severe economic loss as it is perceived as a sign of undercooked product. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of RBS as related to common ingredients used in marination, based on both chicken breast and isolated chicken hemoglobin (Hb) models. The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and glucose on thermal denaturation of Hb was investigated along with the extent of RBS formation in cooked marinated chicken breast. After vacuum tumbling for 65 min and subsequent storage at 4 °C for 20 hr, STPP and glucose were not absorbed into the center of chicken breast. However, Na+ was absorbed after 12 hr storage. The denaturation temperature (Td) of isolated chicken Hb decreased to 65.8 °C in the presence of 1.5 M NaCl, while that of the control was 69.4 °C. STPP at pH 9 decreased Td of Hb to 61.4 °C. The alkaline pH induced by STPP destabilized the Hb structure. RBSs were observed at 100% incidence when cooked to core temperatures of 50 and 70 °C for 1 min. RBSs were completely eliminated at core temperature of 85 °C. The ingredients used during marination appeared to have a minimal effect on RBS formation due to their limited absorption into the chicken breast. The cooking temperature is a major factor governing RBSs, as it directly affects the denaturation of Hb. 相似文献
3.
4.
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of 10% (w/v) salt, trisodium phosphate (TSP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) washes on removal of attached Salmonella typhimurium from sterile chicken breast patties, as well as on their injury and survival in a refrigerator for 16 d, in a –20 °C freezer for 10 mo, and after 3 freeze-thaw cycles. S. typhimurium were grown on chicken patties at 20 °C for 20 h, washed, and enumerated by plating on selective and nonselective media. Salt and phosphates washing significantly lowered the survival populations of attached S. typhimurium on patties, but did not cause any significant sublethal injury of attached S. typhimurium , irrespective of storage treatments. The TSP washes showed superior effects of removing and inactivating S. typhimurium compared to other washing treatments. 相似文献
5.
Oxidation and gel-forming ability of chicken white (breast) and red (leg) muscle myofibrillar proteins during storage at 0°C were examined. Breast myofibril gels exhibited greater shear moduli than leg myofibril gels throughout 8 days storage. Shear moduli of both breast and leg gels in the intermediate temperature zone (45–55°C) decreased during storage, but at >55°C, they either increased or remained unchanged. Lipid oxidation was inhibited by washing myofibrils with antioxidants propyl gal-late, ascorbate, and tripolyphosphate. However, these antioxidants did not affect the content of protein carbonyls, and only slightly decreased the amine content during storage. Storage affected the kinetic process of myofibril gelation independently of antioxidant treatments. 相似文献
6.
B.M. Naveena A.R. Sen M. Muthukumar S. Vaithiyanathan Y. Babji 《Journal of food science》2006,71(9):S603-S608
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding 3.3% sodium lactate (SL), 0.25% calcium lactate (CL), and 1.65% SL along with 0.125% CL (SL+CL) on the physicochemical properties, cooking characteristics, and microbiological quality of microwave-cooked chicken patties compared to control (no added lactates). The addition of lactates did not affect the proximate composition of cooked chicken patties. The pH of CL- or SL+CL-containing patties was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced compared to control or SL patties. The SL-containing patties had lower ( P < 0.05) a w values compared to control or CL patties. The CL- or SL+CL-containing patties had lower denatured myoglobin and higher ( P < 0.05) cooking yield, surface redness (CIE a *), and chroma values. However, addition of CL alone resulted in higher total expressible fluid, indicating lower water-holding capacity. The CL-containing patties exhibited lower Warner–Bratzler shear force values and higher ( P < 0.05) penetrometer reading compared to the SL-containing patties, indicating soft texture. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in all lactate-containing patties compared to control up to the 7th day of refrigerated storage under aerobic conditions. No difference ( P > 0.05) was observed in aerobic plate counts between control and lactate-added patties during 28-d storage. 相似文献
7.
从流行病学、临床症状、病理变化和实验室检验四个方面对鸡传染性喉气管炎进行了诊断,并做了药物治疗对比试验.结果表明,杀病毒药(消毒王)加清热解毒、止咳平喘中草药配合治疗鸡传染性喉气管炎,效果更好,能较快地制止病鸡死亡,显著降低死亡率及减少药物治疗费用. 相似文献
8.
Kerstin Skog Åsa Eneroth & Maria Svanberg 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2003,38(3):313-323
Hamburgers and chicken fillets were cooked in convection ovens, deep‐fried or contact fried and analysed for mutagenic activity using the Ames test. For the three different convection ovens, the cooking parameters studied included the presence of steam, air velocity, air temperature and holding time. For deep‐frying and contact frying, the cooking parameters included cooking temperature and cooking time. In cooked hamburgers, mutagenic activity was only detected in those that had been deep‐fried. In chicken fillets, mutagenic activity was detected in samples prepared with all cooking methods, being highest in the deep‐fried samples. Factorial analysis indicated that heat transfer was the most important factor affecting mutagenic activity. High temperature and high air velocity in the convection ovens enhanced mutagenic activity. The presence of steam reduced the mutagenic activity, except when high temperature was used in combination with high air velocity. In chicken fillets, high mutagenic activity correlated to high weight loss during cooking. Pan‐fried chicken fillets were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines 2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f ]‐quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo‐[4,5‐b]‐pyridine (PhIP) and the co‐mutagenic heterocyclic amine Norharman (9H‐pyrido[3,4‐b]‐indole) were identified. The HPLC fractions were tested for mutagenic activity and, apart from the mutagenic fractions corresponding to MeIQx and PhIP, several mutagenic fractions were detected that did not correspond to known heterocyclic amines. 相似文献
9.
Marta Teixeira Pinto Ana Sofia Ribeiro Inês Conde Rita Carvalho Joana Paredes 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(1)
The high plasticity of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) allows them to differentiate and proliferate, specifically when xenotransplanted subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. CSCs are highly tumorigenic, even when inoculated in small numbers. Thus, in vivo limiting dilution assays (LDA) in mice are the current gold standard method to evaluate CSC enrichment and activity. The chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a low cost, naturally immune-incompetent and reproducible model widely used to evaluate the spontaneous growth of human tumor cells. Here, we established a CAM-LDA assay able to rapidly reproduce tumor specificities—in particular, the ability of the small population of CSCs to form tumors. We used a panel of organotropic metastatic breast cancer cells, which show an enrichment in a stem cell gene signature, enhanced CD44+/CD24−/low cell surface expression and increased mammosphere-forming efficiency (MFE). The size of CAM-xenografted tumors correlate with the number of inoculated cancer cells, following mice xenograft growth pattern. CAM and mice tumors are histologically comparable, displaying both breast CSC markers CD44 and CD49f. Therefore, we propose a new tool for studying CSC prevalence and function—the chick CAM-LDA—a model with easy handling, accessibility, rapid growth and the absence of ethical and regulatory constraints. 相似文献
10.
洛克沙胂(3-硝基-4-羟基苯胂酸)被广泛用作饲料添加剂,但大部分以原体形式随粪便排出,进入环境的洛克沙胂在微生物和光照作用下最终转化为毒性较大的As(V)和As(III)等,并在雨水或农灌的淋滤冲积下污染周边土壤、地表水和地下水。以鲁北平原某养鸡场为研究区,对鸡粪、饲料、周边表层土壤、鸡粪堆积和背景包气带垂向剖面以及地下水进行洛克沙胂及其代谢物的检测,结果饲料中洛克沙胂浓度为34mg/kg,鸡粪中HAPA(3-氨基-4-羟基苯胂酸)浓度为11 mg/kg,距离鸡场越近的表层土壤砷含量越高。三个包气带垂向剖面均以As(V)为主,As(III)含量较小。鸡粪堆积处垂向剖面上HAPA、As(V)和As(III)在土壤表层含量最高,浓度随深度增加而呈下降趋势,同时受到土壤岩性的影响,砷化合物主要的吸附层位为0~30cm与200cm以下;背景包气带垂向剖面上各砷化合物含量均明显低于鸡粪堆积处包气带垂向剖面的砷化合物含量;在鸡场内旧井中检测到浓度为165μg/kg的As(V)。结果证实鸡粪堆积导致土壤包气带、周边土壤和地下水砷含量增加,且这种污染很难消除。 相似文献