双单倍体牙鲆的性腺发生、性别分化及早期发育的研究

本文利用组织切片的方法研究了双单倍体牙鲆的性腺发生、性别分化及早期发育。结果显示:双单倍体牙鲆中除雌性外,还有雄性和未分化鱼出现,所占比例分别为56%、38%和6%。双单倍体牙鲆雌性的性别分化晚于普通牙鲆。雌鱼至100日龄,卵巢腔仍未闭合;110日龄雌鱼的产卵板上存在大量向卵母过渡的卵原细胞,未见Ⅰ时相卵母细胞出现。双单倍体牙鲆雄鱼精巢的分化在时间上和普通牙鲆的基本相同。随着发育的进行,双单倍体牙鲆雌鱼的卵巢出现部分异常的卵母细胞以及卵巢退化现象;部分雄鱼的精巢也有退化现象出现。9～11月龄,双单倍体牙鲆雄鱼的精巢发育到Ⅲ期,而普通牙鲆性腺在同期进入了Ⅳ期;11月龄开始双单倍体牙鲆雄鱼精巢有退化的迹象;13～15月龄,精巢退化成精小叶,其中只含有精原细胞,初级精母细胞消失不见,似Ⅱ期精巢。     

Differences in Sterol Composition between Male and Female Gonads of Dominant Limpet Species

The present study demonstrated here for the first time that there are statistically significant differences in sterol composition between male and female gonads of the dominant limpets Cellana grata and Cellana toreuma, which are intertidal gastropods. Among 11 different sterols identified in this study, unusually high levels (11.2–19.8% of total sterols) of the Δ⁸-sterols 5α-cholest-8-en-3β-ol (zymostenol) and 5α-cholesta-8,24-dien-3β-ol (zymosterol), which have never been reported in aquatic invertebrate gonads, were present in only the male gonads.     

Characterization of Important Odorants in Steamed Male Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) using Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry‐Olfactometry

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) from Yangcheng Lake in Jiangsu Province is a popular species due to its unique pleasant aroma and intensive umami taste. In this study, odorants in steamed male E. sinensis were investigated using the headspace‐monolithic material sorptive extraction technique coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (GC‐MS‐O). A total of 74 volatile compounds were found, and the results of the GC‐MS‐O analysis, combined with odor activity values, showed that trimethylamine (fishy, ammonia‐like odor), (Z)‐4‐heptenal (mushroom‐like odor), and benzaldehyde (paint‐like odor) were the important odorants (IOs) in all 4 of the edible parts of steamed male E. sinensis. Furthermore, heptanal (mushroom‐like odor) was common to the abdomen, claw, and leg meat but was not found as the IO in the gonad. The abdomen meat also contained 3‐methylbutanal (vegetable‐like, grassy odor), while 2 additional IOs were found in claw meat (2‐methylbutanal, which has a mushroom odor and 3‐ethyl‐2,5‐dimethylpyrazine, which has a chocolate‐like, musty odor). Another IO (2‐nonanone, chocolate‐like odor) was also found in leg meat, while (E)‐2‐nonenal (green, fruity odor) was the IO found exclusively in the gonad.     

Dnmt3aa but Not Dnmt3ab Is Required for Maintenance of Gametogenesis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Dnmt3a, a de novo methyltransferase, is essential for mammalian germ line DNA methylation. Only one Dnmt3a is identified in mammals, and homozygous mutants of Dnmt3a are lethal, while two Dnmt3a paralogs, dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab, are identified in teleosts due to the third round of genome duplication, and homozygous mutants of dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab are viable in zebrafish. The expression patterns and roles of dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab in gonadal development remain poorly understood in teleosts. In this study, we elucidated the precise expression patterns of dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab in tilapia gonads. Dnmt3aa was highly expressed in oogonia, phase I and II oocytes and granulosa cells in ovaries and spermatogonia and spermatocytes in testes, while dnmt3ab was mainly expressed in ovarian granulosa cells and testicular spermatocytes. The mutation of dnmt3aa and dnmt3ab was achieved by CRISPR/Cas9 in tilapia. Lower gonadosomatic index (GSI), increased apoptosis of oocytes and spermatocytes and significantly reduced sperm quality were observed in dnmt3aa^−/− mutants, while normal gonadal development was observed in dnmt3ab^−/− mutants. Consistently, the expression of apoptotic genes was significantly increased in dnmt3aa^−/− mutants. In addition, the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) level in dnmt3aa^−/− gonads was decreased significantly, compared with that of dnmt3ab^−/− and wild type (WT) gonads. Taken together, our results suggest that dnmt3aa, not dnmt3ab, plays important roles in maintaining gametogenesis in teleosts.     

海蜇生殖腺酶解肽的抗氧化活性和ACE抑制活性研究

为实现海蜇加工副产物生殖腺的高值化利用,以海蜇性腺脱脂粉为原料,选用中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶分别对海蜇生殖腺进行水解,以酶解产物（JGHP）的水解度、DPPH清除活性和ACE抑制活性为指标,选择制备海蜇生殖腺活性肽的工具酶。经超滤膜将酶解产物分成JGPH-P1（大于3000 u）、P2（1000³000 u）、P3（小于1000 u）三个部分,分别测定三部分的DPPH清除活性和ACE抑制活性。结果表明,中性蛋白酶水解所得产物的水解度、DPPH清除率和ACE抑制活性均优于其他三种蛋白酶;JGHP超滤后,其中组分JGHP-P3的活性较高。利用电子自旋共振（ESR）技术检测JGHP-P3对DPPH·、·OH、O-2·的清除活性。其ACE抑制活性IC50为1.06 mg/m L,DPPH·、·OH、O-2·的清除活性IC50分别为0.38、0.63、0.59 mg/m L。由此可见,经中性蛋白酶水解得到的JGPH中小于1000 u的组分具有较高的抗氧化和ACE抑制活性。      

虾夷扇贝生殖腺多肽的制备及分离

为了对扇贝加工副产物进行高值化利用,采用中性蛋白酶,分别以变性(100℃,10 min)和未变性虾夷扇贝生殖腺匀浆为底物,经50℃酶解3h后制备不同的生殖腺水解液.结果表明,中性蛋白酶水解雌性虾夷扇贝生殖腺的效果优于雄性生殖腺,并且虾夷扇贝生殖腺经变性处理后,水解度和肽得率得到显著提高.与未变性处理组雌性虾夷扇贝生殖腺...     

卧式性腺X线防护器

卧式性腺X线防护器取代了传统的铅橡胶衣、裙和板,可以使病人在卧、坐姿情况下进行各种X线检查和治疗.该防护器可保护性腺使之免受X线的损伤并解决了铅-橡胶衣、裙存在的笨重,安全系数低和交叉感染的问题,而且还具有容易放置,防护精确、安全等优点.     

长江南源小头裸裂尻鱼人工繁殖技术

小头裸裂尻鱼为我国特有鱼类,仅分布在青藏高原,是水生态系统中的关键鱼种。2020年6月,以在长江南源当曲海拔4 819 m处选取的16尾(2雌14雄)性腺处于V期的小头裸裂尻鱼为研究对象,在海拔4 767 m处原位孵化1.1万受精卵。孵化条件为:日节律众数水温区间为8.3~16.0 ℃,溶解氧＞5 mg/L,pH值为(7.7±0.2),盐度为(0.13±0.1)psu,氨氮浓度＜0.1 mg/L,总悬浮固体含量为(3±0.5)mg/L。结果表明:亲鱼性腺成熟度佳,V期卵径为(2.4±0.2) mm,雄鱼全长约为雌鱼全长((40.3±3.5)cm)的1/2,体重约为雌鱼体重((435.2±67.5)g)的1/10。授精水温为16.3 ℃,受精率为99%;孵化第10 天(238~240 h)积温3 057 h·℃时发生大规模出膜;实施关键出膜水温19 ℃后,出苗率达到80%,出膜仔鱼长度为0.9~1.0 cm。人工繁殖技术的突破,有利于该鱼类的自然种群恢复、人工保种,以及研究其胚胎发育的物候响应。