SHS of shape memory CuZnAl alloys

Aiming at preparation of shape memory alloys (SMAs), we explored the SHS of Cu_{1 − x} Zn_{1 − y} Al_{1 − z} alloys (0.29 < x < 0.30, 0.74 < y < 0.75, and 0.83 < z < 0.96). The most pronounced shape memory effect was exhibited by the alloys of the following compositions (wt %): (1) Cu(70.6)Zn(25.4)Al(4.0), (2) Cu(70.1)Zn(25.9)Al(4.0), and (3) Cu(69.9)Zn(26.1)Al(4.0). The effect of process parameters on the synthesis of CuZnAl alloys was studied by XRD, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The grain size of CuZnAl was found to depend on the relative amount of the primary CuZn and AlZn phases. Changes in the transformation temperature and heat of transformation are discussed in terms of ignition intensity and compaction. Mechanism of the process depends on the level of the temperature attained relative to the melting point of components. At the melting point of AlZn, the process is controlled by the solid-state diffusion of AlZn into a product layer. The ignition temperature for this system depends on the temperature of the austenite-martensite transformation in CuZnAl alloys. The composition and structure of the products was found to markedly depend on process parameters. The SHS technique has been successfully used to prepare a variety of SMAs.      

Strain analysis of moving objects using a Fourier transform grid method

There is no good method to measure the shape and the strain distributions of a structure changing with time. We have previously proposed the Fourier transform grid method (FTGM) to measure the three-dimensional shape and surface strain distributions of stationary objects by analysing the two-dimensional grating images recorded with two cameras. In the stereoscopic method, it is very important to determine the accurate geometric parameters of the camera system. In this paper, the positions and the directions of cameras are accurately determined using the FTGM applied to images of a reference object on which a two-dimensional grating is drawn. Applications for analysing shape and strain distributions of vibrating rubber plates and a moving human skin are shown.     

Combined shape and sizing optimization of truss structures

 In this paper, an evolutionary optimization method is presented for weight minimum problem of a 3-dimensional truss structure in terms of nodal coordinates and element cross-sectional areas. The structure is subject to stress, local buckling and displacement constraints. Two types of design variables with different natures are optimized separately: (1) a fully stressed design (FSD) and scaling techniques are applied to sizing variables and (2) the evolutionary node shift method is applied to shape variables. Alternating procedure is utilized to couple the two types of variables and to combine the results. The optimum solution is achieved gradually from the initial configuration design. Two typical truss structures are examined to illustrate the validity of the method. Received: 22 October 2001 / Accepted: 04 June 2002 This research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the guarantees no. 10072050 and 10172072, respectively.     

Theory and characteristics of novel variable reluctance 1X resolver

Although brushless resolvers have been used widely as angular position transducers, they are expensive due to their intricate construction, involving a rotary transformer to supply the exciting coils wound on the rotor poles with the current. It is shown theoretically in this paper that the resolver without rotary transformer or brushes can be realized by simple construction, which consists of the stator core with both 4-poles exciting windings and 2-poles output ones and the rotor core carrying no windings. In this resolver the rotor core has minimum gap at one side and a maximum gap at another side of the diameter. It is characterized by an outer surface form that makes the fluctuation part of gap permeance very in proportion to cos θ, where θ represents the angular position of a point in the air gap with respect to the origin on the rotor, the point of minimum air gap. The method determining the rotor form to embody the aforementioned gap permeance variation is also shown. It has been confirmed not only by simulation but also experiment that the 2-phase output voltages of a model designed based on the theory have sinusoidal waveforms with very small harmonic contents. Moreover, the rotor position detected by processing the output voltages through the conventional resolver/digital converter was within acceptable engineering accuracy.     

基于形状记忆合金的TMD半主动控制

针对建筑结构在随机荷载或风荷载作用下可能发生的频率不确定问题,特别是结构自振频率会随振幅的大小而发生漂移的非线性振动问题,提出性能可靠、构造简单的形状记忆合金SMA-TMD自适应半主动控制系统.从理论上探讨形状记忆合金在变刚度TMD控制装置中的应用,并进行相应的参数设计.同时,在研究随机荷载作用下TMD系统动力特性的基础上,结合短时傅里叶变换(STFT)设计出该系统的自适应半主动控制算法.算例表明,SMA-TMD自适应控制系统能较好地识别结构系统的时频特性,并进行有效的控制,具有性能可靠和自适应能力强等特点.该自适应控制系统较传统的TMD被动控制减震效果更好,鲁棒性更强.     

桁架结构形状优化的粒子群优化算法

为解决有应力约束、几何约束以及局部稳定性约束的桁架结构的形状优化设计,将粒子群优化(PSO)算法应用于桁架结构的形状优化设计.首先详细介绍了原始PSO算法的基本原理,然后引入压缩因子改进了原始的PSO算法,并提出了合理的参数设置值.优化计算过程中,综合考虑了节点坐标和截面面积等两类不同性质的设计变量.最后对几个经典问题进行了求解,并与传统的优化算法进行了比较.数值结果表明,改进的PSO算法具有良好的收敛性和稳定性,可以有效地进行桁架结构的形状优化设计.     

Cu-Zn-Al形状记忆合金直接淬火和分级淬火后马氏体稳定性的研究SCIEI

用透射电镜,X射线衍射仪和电阻法研究了Cu-14.84wt-％Zn-7.75wt-％Al形状记忆合金在直接淬火和分级淬火后马氏体的稳定性。试验结果表明,直接淬火和分级淬火(150℃,2min)后于室温时效约3h的马氏体均为M18R结构,但刚直接淬火后马氏体并不稳定,其某些衍射峰位置和电阻率均随室温时效而变化;而分级淬火(150℃,2min)后马氏体是稳定的,其所有衍射峰位置和电阻率几乎不随室温时效而变化。上述结果可用“马氏体再有序化机制”解释。     

坯料外形对镁合金矩形盒拉深成形的影响

用商业有限元软件模拟了在同一套模具和成形条件下不同毛坯外形的镁合金矩形盒拉深成形过程．依据数值模拟结果，分析了不同坯料外形对镁合金矩形盒拉深成形的影响。结果表明：使用矩形圆角坯料比其他坯料的成形性能好。     

TWO KINDS OF VARIANT IN SHAPE MEMORY MATERIAL

In shape memory materials,that have been trained to have a two way shape memory effect(TWSM),themartensitic variants are classified into two groups,i.e.,preferentially oriented variants and self-accommodatingvariants.Applied stress may promote or constrain the transition of preferentially oriented variants and so changetransformation temperatures but has no essential effect on self-accommodating variants.According to the pointof view mentioned above,some experimental phenomena during thermocycling of a TWSM device may be ex-plained,such as the absence of synchronization between the plot of resistance change.temperature and the plotof memory strain vs.temperature.     

材料性质和试样几何形状对应力三维度的影响

为研究应力三维度和塑性应变对金属材料微孔聚合型损伤发展和延性断裂过程的影响,用有限元法计算16Mn钢和两种铝合金材料不同缺口根半径拉伸试样的应力、应变分布. 结果表明:缺口根半径越小,最小横截面上周向和径向应变相差越大且越不均匀,并导致最小横截面上的应力三维度与Bridgman公式预测结果不一样. 材料性质和试样几何形状对应力三维度的影响很大:缺口根半径相同的3种材料试样最小横截面的应力三维度分布形态相似,但应力三维度峰值及其所处位置有所不同;同种材料的试样缺口根半径不同,应力三维度分布形态也不同.