藏香猪特色菜肴的开发

藏香猪是藏区独特的品种资源,其体小皮薄,蛋白质含量高,肉质细嫩、味道鲜美,富含10余种人体必需的氨基酸成份,素有"高原之珍"的美誉。本文以藏香猪为原料,采用中西菜肴制作技术及工艺,开发出符合大众风味爱好、食用方便、风味类型丰富的藏香猪特色菜肴,以促进藏香猪类餐饮经济的发展。     

Risk-based approach to developing a national residue sampling plan for testing under European Union regulation for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives in domestic animal production

A ranking system for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives has been developed as a tool to be applied in a risk-based approach to the residue testing programme for foods of animal origin in the Irish National Residue Control Plan (NRCP). Three characteristics of substances that may occur as residues in food are included in the developed risk ranking system: Potency, as measured by the acceptable daily intake assigned by the European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, to each substance; Usage, as measured by the three factors of Number of Doses, use on Individual animals or for Group treatment, and Withdrawal Period; and Residue Occurrence, as measured by the number of Non-Compliant Samples in the NRCP. For both Number of Doses and Non-Compliant Samples, data for the 5-year period 2008–12 have been used. The risk ranking system for substances was developed for beef cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, chickens and dairy cattle using a scoring system applied to the various parameters described above to give an overall score based on the following equation: Potency × Usage (Number of Doses + Individual/Group Use + Withdrawal Period) × Residue Occurrence. Applying this risk ranking system, the following substances are ranked very highly: antimicrobials such as amoxicillin (for all species except pigs), marbofloxacillin (for beef cattle), oxytetracycline (for all species except chickens), sulfadiazine with trimethoprim (for pigs and chickens) and tilmicosin (for chickens); antiparasitic drugs, such as the benzimidazoles triclabendazole (for beef and dairy cattle), fenbendazole/oxfendazole (for sheep/goats and dairy cattle) and albendazole (for dairy cattle), the avermectin ivermectin (for beef cattle), and anti-fluke drugs closantel and rafoxanide (for sheep/goats); the anticoccidials monensin, narasin, nicarbazin and toltrazuril (for chickens). The risk ranking system described is a relatively simple system designed to provide a reliable basis for selecting the veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives that might be prioritised for residue testing.     

2014年我国生猪生产形势分析及2015年走势研判

对于生猪养殖户来说,2014年是困难重重和极具考验的一年。猪价任性,不按常理出牌,旺季不旺,淡季反升,养殖亏损程度之深历史罕见。本轮猪周期规律反常,最根本的原因是生猪出栏量整体处于高位,市场长期处在供大于求的状态。而随着居民肉食品消费多元化,对猪肉制品需求量也在逐年减少,供大于求的局面早在2011年底就已形成。2013年夏季南方洪灾导致生猪价格上涨,很多养猪户却将这次涨价当作新一轮周期上涨阶段的开始,盲目扩大规模导致生猪供大于求的局面进一步扩大。而2014年下半年能繁母猪存栏量持续下降,将直接影响到2015年生猪出栏量,在需求不变的情况下,供应量减少势必造成价格上涨。     

Effect of housing system, slaughter weight and slaughter strategy on carcass and meat quality, sex organ development and androstenone and skatole levels in Duroc finished entire male pigs

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of housing system (HS), slaughter weight (SW) and strategy (SS) on carcass a nd meat quality, sexual organ development and boar taint in entire males. Twelve pens of 10 pigs were used (two trials). Half of male pens were allowed visual contact with females (MF) and half with males (MM). Half MM or MF were slaughtered at 105 or 130 kg in trial 1, or penwise or by split marketing in trial 2 at 120 kg. Housing system showed no significant effect on carcass or meat quality. MF presented significantly longer testicles and heavier bulbourethral glands compared to MM. The distribution of androstenone and skatole levels was affected by SW but not by HS or SS, samples with androstenone >1 μg/g of the different groups falling within the range of 16 to 22%. All correlations between androstenone and sex organs were significant. Housing system and slaughter strategy did not reduce the risk of boar tainted carcasses.     

The effect of dietary Laminaria‐derived laminarin and fucoidan on nutrient digestibility,nitrogen utilisation,intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acid concentration in pigs

BACKGROUND: In experiment 1, 30 boars were assigned to one of five treatments (n = 6): T1, 0 g kg^?1 seaweed extract (SWE); T2, 0.7 g kg^?1 SWE; T3, 1.4 g kg^?1 SWE; T4, 2.8 g kg^?1 SWE and T5, 5.6 g kg^?1 SWE. The extract contained laminarin and fucoidan only and was extracted from Laminaria spp. In experiment 2, 28 boars were assigned, in a 2 × 2 factorial to one of four treatments (n = 7): T1, control; T2, control plus 300 mg laminarin; T3, control plus 240 mg fucoidan; T4, control plus 300 mg laminarin and 240 mg fucoidan kg^?1 diet. RESULTS: In experiment 1 there was a response to SWE on colonic Bifidobacterium spp. (P < 0.01 quadratic), Enterobacterium spp. (quadratic P < 0.05) and on caecal Enterobacterium spp. (quadratic P < 0.05). In experiment 2 there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between laminarin and fucoidan supplementation on Enterobacterium spp. in the proximal and distal colon. Pigs offered laminarin had reduced Enterobacterium spp. compared with pigs offered the control diet. However, the combination of laminarin and fucoidan had increased Enterobacterium spp. compared with alone. Pigs offered diets containing fucoidan had increased Lactobacilli spp. in the proximal colon (P < 0.05) and distal colon (P < 0.001) compared with non‐fucoidan diets. CONCLUSION: Overall, the reductions in intestinal Enterobacterium spp. and increases in Lactobacilli spp. obtained suggest that laminarin and fucoidan may provide a dietary means to improve gut health in pigs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Evaluation of barley and triticale as feed ingredients in growing Iberian pigs: amino acid and carbohydrate ileal digestibility

BACKGROUND: Iberian pig production is linked to the use of the Mediterranean woodland, where the use of local feed resources is of paramount importance for the sustainability of the system. The aim of the present work was to explore the potential of triticale cv. Camarma as compared to barley cv. Esgueva in Iberian pig feeding by studying their respective ileal digestibilities of amino acids and carbohydrates in animals cannulated at the end of the ileum. RESULTS: Leu, Met and Tyr had (P < 0.05) greater standardised ileal digestibilities (SID) in pigs fed triticale diet. There was a trend (P = 0.07) towards greater SID of Thr in pigs fed the barley diet. The least digestible indispensable amino acids were Ile (74.6% SID) for barley and Thr (78.9% SID) for triticale. Except for β‐glucans, apparent ileal digestibilities (AIDs) of individual non‐starch polysaccharide (NSP), sugars and starch were greater in pigs fed triticale (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, total amounts of NSP digested were greater in pigs fed the barley diet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Overall, triticale cv. Camarma had greater amino acid and carbohydrate AID than barley cv. Esgueva and may represent a valuable grain for Iberian pig feeding. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat

Information on the addition of lipase and/or emulsifiers to less digestible or saturated fat sources, such as tallow or other animal fats, used in swine feeding is very limited. Therefore, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, the effects of adding lipase (0.05% L5, microbial source) and/or an emulsifier (0.3% Lysoforte) on the apparent ileal (AID) and faecal (AFD) digestibility of the main nutrients and fatty acids in particular were studied with four ileal‐cannulated growing pigs (female, initial live weight 20 kg) fed diets containing barley/soybean meal supplemented with 4% animal fat. The fat source contained 35% saturated (S) and 65% unsaturated (U) fatty acids. All diets were free of antibacterial substances (antibiotics, copper sulphate or zinc oxide beyond requirements), in order to avoid interactions between the parameters studied and the gut flora. Lipase addition did not affect the AID or AFD of fat. However, the digestibility of minor fatty acids (C6:0, C14:0) was significantly improved by lipase at both ileal and faecal level. On the other hand, lipase supplementation (P < 0.05) improved the AID of dry matter (DM) and energy as well as the AFD of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ash and energy. Addition of an emulsifier did not have any significant influence on the AID or AFD of fat, while the AID values of DM, OM, CP and energy as well as the AFD values of DM, OM, CP and ash were significantly (P < 0.05) improved. Adding lipase in combination with an emulsifier to the diets decreased (P < 0.05) the AID and AFD of fat, with minor effects on the AID and AFD of the non‐fat components of the diet. The lack of improvement in the digestion of fat by exogenous lipase and/or emulsifier may be related to the rather high U/S ratio (0.65:0.35) of the animal fat source used and to the mode of incorporation of the emulsifier (no pre‐dispersion in the fat source). Furthermore, during the trial the diets, stored at room temperature, showed a steady increase in their content of free fatty acids (to more than 700 g kg^?1 fat), due to endogenous lipase activity, leaving less room for upgrading the digestion of animal fat by exogenous lipase and/or emulsifier. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

果寡糖对肥育猪生长及肠道菌群等的影响

本试验研究了饲粮中添加果寡糖对"杜长加”肥育猪生长及肠道菌群和消化酶活性的影响.与对照组相比,肥育猪日粮中添加0.50%和0.75%果寡糖使日增重分别提高了9.67%(P＜0.01)和10.67%(P＜0.01),使料重比分别降低了8.19%(P＜0.01)和7.60%(P＜0.05);添加0.50%和0.75%果寡糖使结肠中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数分别增加了299.49%(P＜0.01)和314.81%(P＜0.01),97.40%(P＜0.05)和141.67%(P＜0.05),并使结肠内容物pH值分别降低了0.50(P＜0.05)和0.90个单位(P＜0.01).添加果寡糖使结肠中大肠杆菌数、梭菌数下降,十二指肠内容物中总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性提高,果寡糖对胰脏中消化酶活性的影响不显著.     

Immunocastration of Male Pigs – Situation Today

Immunological castration of male pigs is an attractive alternative to surgical castration and nowadays is increasingly used in many countries to reduce boar taint and improve pork quality. Moreover, immunocastrated pigs showed reduced sexual and aggressive behaviour compared to entire male pigs, thus improving animal welfare. Carcass and meat quality parameters generally do not differ between immunocastrated and surgically castrated male pigs.     

Such as pigs eat: the rise and fall of the pannage pig in the UK

Mast‐feeding systems once formed the mainstay of pork production across Europe, but have now largely been forgotten. One of the earliest farming practices, it allowed people to fatten pigs on an otherwise wasted resource. Mast feeding was vital in the ancient world: Rome, Saxon England and the Normans all relied heavily on woodland pigs. As time and technology advanced, mast systems became outmoded and fell into disuse. However, recent public interest in improved animal welfare and sustainable agriculture, combined with anecdotal reports of improved flavour, has once again brought mast feeding into the spotlight. This article chronicles the changes in popularity and perception of mast‐feeding systems throughout history, and uses the historical perspective to outline a possible future for woodland pigs. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry