蜜蜂巢脾醇提物的抗氧化活性研究

目的：研究蜜蜂巢脾不同浓度乙醇提取物的综合抗氧化能力。方法：制备蜜蜂巢脾的乙醇提取物;测定蜜蜂巢脾的总多酚和总黄酮含量;采用总抗氧化力、清除DPPH自由基、还原力、清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2－ ·)、清除羟自由基( ·OH)能力等指标,评价蜜蜂巢脾醇提物的综合抗氧化性能。结果：6种不同浓度乙醇提取物中50%醇提物的总多酚含量最多为(9.75±0.16)mg/g,95%醇提物中黄酮含量最多为(14.2±0.26)mg/g;抗氧化实验结果表明,6种不同浓度乙醇提取物均有较强的综合抗氧化能力,其综合抗氧化能力由大到小依次为：50%醇提物、75%醇提物＞25%醇提物、95%醇提物、水提物＞100%醇提物。结论：蜜蜂巢脾醇提物是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂。     

蜜蜂蜂王不同于工蜂的关键因素-蜂王浆主蛋白1

蜂王浆是决定蜜蜂幼虫发育中级型分化,即成为蜂王还是工蜂的关键环境因素,而蜂王浆主蛋白(main royal jelly proteins,MRJPs)是反映蜂王浆新鲜度的重要指标。日本镰仓昌树以蜜蜂和果蝇为模型的最新研究表明,MRJP1是蜂王浆中决定蜜蜂级型分化的关键因子,该蛋白可通过激活虫体脂肪体中的表皮生长因子信号通路,引发个体增大、发育时间缩短和卵巢发育等蜂王特征的出现。因此,今后很有必要进一步开展MRJP1对人体的营养功能和作用机理研究,为MRJP1应用于功能食品提供科学依据。     

蜂王幼虫酶解工艺的研究

为研究蜂王幼虫酶水解工艺条件,选用木瓜蛋白酶进行正交试验,考察水解温度、时间、加酶量、pH值和固液比5个因素对酶水解的影响,并确定出最优水解条件为温度50℃,时间3 h,加酶量0.5%,pH为6.5,料水比为1：3.此工艺可为鸡蜂王幼虫水解蛋白液或蛋白粉的开发提供一定的理论依据.     

蜂蛹超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的提取及理化性质研究

对蜂蛹超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的提取工艺及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,用磷酸盐缓冲液可以对蜂蛹SOD进行有效的提取,最佳提取工艺条件为:用pH7.6的磷酸盐缓冲液于室温下静置提取4h后于55℃条件下加热20min,按该工艺条件进行提取,蜂蛹SOD的活力为110.41U/mgpro。蜂蛹SOD最适温度为40～60℃,最适pH为pH7.0～9.0,氰化钾和H2O2是蜂蛹SOD的抑制剂,可以有效地抑制蜂蛹SOD的活性。     

蜂蛹富肽蛋白粉对大鼠免疫功能和血糖、血脂的影响

选用50 只3 周龄SD 大鼠随机分成两组,分别灌喂蜂蛹蛋白粉和经消化酶水解的蜂蛹蛋白即富肽蛋白粉4周。结果表明,灌喂富肽蛋白粉可显著增加大鼠血清IgG、IgA 含量和脾脏指数(P ＜ 0.05),对大鼠血清IgM 和胸腺指数的影响无统计学意义。灌喂富肽蛋白粉可极显著降低大鼠血糖(GLU)含量(P ＜ 0.01),显著提高血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清高密度胆固醇(HDL-C)含量,降低血清低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)含量(P ＜ 0.05),而对血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)和总胆固醇(TC)含量影响不显著。结果提示,富肽蛋白粉可增强大鼠的免疫功能、降低血糖,并能够预防和减轻动脉粥样硬化的发生。     

蜜蜂与桃蚜烟碱乙酰胆碱受体同源模建与对接

为了探究使用吡虫啉对蜜蜂造成伤害的成因,以＂静水椎实螺＂的烟碱乙酰结合蛋白与吡虫啉的共晶化合物作为模板,使用分子模拟技术得到蜜蜂和桃蚜烟碱乙酰胆碱受体.通过拉氏图和分子动力学模拟等实验方法验证了受体的可靠性和合理性.将新烟碱类化合物吡虫啉分别与模建受体对接,所得到的结合自由能和对接位点与生物学实验数据和位点突变结果相吻合.吡虫啉分别与蜜蜂、桃蚜烟碱乙酰胆碱受体分子对接结果显示,吡虫啉与蜜蜂、桃蚜烟碱乙酰胆碱受体对接的结合自由能最高值分别为-9.592 4千卡/摩尔和-7.124 1千卡/摩尔,说明该药物对蜜蜂、桃蚜具有同等效力的毒性.吡虫啉的硝基部分在对接中起到了关键作用,在蜜蜂受体中其与阿尔法亚基发生相互作用,而在桃蚜受体中主要与贝塔亚基结合.证明了吡虫啉的使用确实危害到了蜜蜂群体的生存.     

Isolation of 24-methylenecholesterol-derived oxidation products from queen honeybee ovaries (Apis mellifica L.)

The bioecological situation of 24-methylenecholesterol, the main sterol of many pollens and previously isolated from larvae, workers, and queens of the honeybeeApis mellifica L., is reviewed. A search for steroids in queen honeybee ovaries has led to the isolation of three compounds occurring in minute amounts: 24-methylenecholest-4-en-3-one (1), 24-oxochoiesterol (2), and 24-oxocholest-4-en-3-one (3), which were identified by direct comparison with authentic samples prepared from 24-methyienechoiesterol. These three substances have not been detected in lipids from other parts of queen or from worker honeybees, and their presence may reflect a particular oxidizing capability of the ovaries. The results so far observed are discussed in relationship with previous observations reported on honeybees.     

Can social bees be influenced to choose a specific feeding station by adding the scent of the station to the hive air?

The behavioral response of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) to the flower volatiles 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and myrcene isolated in situ from white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and oil seed rape (Brassica napus oleifera), respectively, were investigated on a rotating arena with 12 visually identical, but differently scented, feeding stations. When locating a feeding station, neutral in both shape and color, foragers used scent as orientation cue. Introduction of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol to the honeybee hives induced significantly more visits to sites containing this compound. In contrast, introduction of myrcene to the hives did not influence the foraging choices of honeybees significantly. No effect of hive scent composition on the choices made by bumblebees could be detected. Experienced bumble bees, i.e., bees with more than five visits to the feeding stations, tended to visit a particular position on the arena without discriminating between the two volatiles. In contrast, honeybees showed no positioning behavior on the arena, using primarily odoriferous stimuli. The observed influences of addition of scents to the hives are discussed in relation to the general knowledge on foraging behavior of social bees and the emission of volatiles from leaves and flowers.     

Pheromone Communication in the Honeybee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> L.)

Recent studies have demonstrated a remarkable and unexpected complexity in social insect pheromone communication, particularly for honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). The intricate interactions characteristic of social insects demand a complex language, based on specialized chemical signals that provide a syntax that is deeper in complexity and richer in nuance than previously imagined. Here, we discuss this rapidly evolving field for honeybees, the only social insect for which any primer pheromones have been identified. Novel research has demonstrated the importance of complexity, synergy, context, and dose, mediated through spatial and temporal pheromone distribution, and has revealed an unprecedented wealth of identified semiochemicals and functions. These new results demand fresh terminology, and we propose adding “colony pheromone” and “passenger pheromone” to the current terms sociochemical, releaser, and primer pheromone to better encompass our growing understanding of chemical communication in social insects.     

Modelling the spread of American foulbrood in honeybees

We investigate the spread of American foulbrood (AFB), a disease caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, that affects bees and can be extremely damaging to beehives. Our dataset comes from an inspection period carried out during an AFB epidemic of honeybee colonies on the island of Jersey during the summer of 2010. The data include the number of hives of honeybees, location and owner of honeybee apiaries across the island. We use a spatial SIR model with an underlying owner network to simulate the epidemic and characterize the epidemic using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme to determine model parameters and infection times (including undetected ‘occult’ infections). Likely methods of infection spread can be inferred from the analysis, with both distance- and owner-based transmissions being found to contribute to the spread of AFB. The results of the MCMC are corroborated by simulating the epidemic using a stochastic SIR model, resulting in aggregate levels of infection that are comparable to the data. We use this stochastic SIR model to simulate the impact of different control strategies on controlling the epidemic. It is found that earlier inspections result in smaller epidemics and a higher likelihood of AFB extinction.