超声波辅助-盐析-水蒸气蒸馏法提取葛缕子精油的研究

对超声波辅助-盐析-水蒸气蒸馏法提取葛缕子精油的工艺进行研究。以葛缕子精油得率为考察指标,考察料液比、氯化钠浓度、浸泡时间、超声频率、超声功率和超声时间6个因素对超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏法提取葛缕子精油得率的影响以及最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,超声辅助-盐析-水蒸气蒸馏法提取葛缕子精油的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1:15,氯化钠浓度为15%,浸泡时间60min,超声频率25kHz,超声功率250W,超声时间30min,在此条件下,葛缕子精油的平均得率可达到5.42%±0.01%,比盐析-水蒸汽蒸馏法得率提高了1.24%。利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对葛缕子精油的化学成分进行鉴定,共分离鉴定出27种化学成分,其主要成分是柠檬烯（31.08%）和右旋香芹酮（66.42%）,与盐析-水蒸汽蒸馏法提取精油在组成成分（15种化合物）和主要成分含量上（柠檬烯21.84%和右旋香芹酮76.29%）都存在比较大的差异。结果表明超声辅助-盐析-水蒸汽蒸馏法提取葛缕子精油不仅可以缩短提取时间,提高精油产率,还可以改善精油的质量。      

Metabolic profile and biological activities of Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco: Studies on the essential oil and polar extracts

We investigated the metabolic profile and biological activities of the essential oil and polar extracts of Lavandula pedunculata subsp. lusitanica (Chaytor) Franco collected in south Portugal. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed that oxygen-containing monoterpenes was the principal group of compounds identified in the essential oil. Camphor (40.6%) and fenchone (38.0%) were found as the major constituents. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) analysis allowed the identification of hydroxycinnamic acids (3-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-caffeoylquinic and rosmarinic acids) and flavones (luteolin and apigenin) in the polar extracts, with rosmarinic acid being the main compound in most of them. The bioactive compounds from L. pedunculata polar extracts were the most efficient free-radical scavengers, Fe²⁺ chelators and inhibitors of malondialdehyde production, while the essential oil was the most active against acetylcholinesterase. Our results reveal that the subspecies of L. pedunculata studied is a potential source of active metabolites with a positive effect on human health.     

Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. extracts: evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activity and their ability to reduce microbial growth on fresh‐cut salad

With the aim to develop natural preservatives displaying also chemopreventive activity, different Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. extracts were studied. Myrrh essential oils, obtained by steam distillation and microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation, and several other extracts, obtained by sequential procedures with petroleum ether (PE), ethanol, ethyl acetate and butanol, have been screened for their antioxidant (DPPH· scavenging assay) and antiproliferative activity (on both nontumour and colon cancer cell lines) without previous purification. Considering that the colon cancer cell lines were more sensitive to PE and ethanol extracts, the latter of which showed the highest antioxidant activity (EC50 = 0.160 ± 0.008 mg mL^?1), both have been selected for further antibacterial/antifungal activity tests using an antimicrobial diffusion test and a growth inhibition test on salads. Results showed that the ethanol extract possessed the higher antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compared to untreated product, fresh‐cut salads treated with these two myrrh extracts displayed a significant lower bacterial growth. Although further investigation is required, these promising results offer hints as how to improve the shelf life of fresh‐cut salad.     

Hydrodistillation condition adjustment for different material particle sizes: a method to increase batch‐to‐batch quality consistency

Varying material particle sizes represent a common contributing factor to the batch‐to‐batch variation of extraction yields. To increase the batch‐to‐batch quality consistency of extracts, a method was proposed to adjust the extraction conditions for different material particle sizes, taking the hydrodistillation extraction process of Radix Curcumae and Fructus Gardeniae as a case study. Statistical models were built for five sesquiterpenes including curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone and furanodienone, to quantitatively describe the effects of particle size and process parameters on their extraction yields. An increase in sodium chloride concentration remarkably increased the yields of curcumenone and curcumenol, and a larger solvent‐to‐solid ratio increased the yields of five sesquiterpenes. Under the adjusted process parameters for two different particle sizes, the yield for each compound was controlled to fall in the 90–110% target range. The proposed method can be applied to various extraction processes of foods and herbal medicines.     

Ohmic‐assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss (Shirazi thyme)

Ohmic‐assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) is a combination of ohmic heating and distillation, and could be considered as a novel method for the extraction of essential oils. Major problems with traditional methods are long extraction time and lower purity of the extract. In this study, OAHD was applied as an economic and green technology for the extraction of essential oils from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) aerial parts and the results were compared to those obtained from hydrodistillation (HD) as a conventional method. The results showed that OAHD method had the extraction time of 32.21 ± 2.59 min while this value was about 57.21 ± 2.33 min for hydrodistillation (HD). Scanning electron micrographs of thyme leaves showed a sudden eruption of essential oil glands and their surrounding area for OAHD samples. GC–MS analysis indicated that both methods of OAHD and HD can extract the same compounds.     

Effect of roasting on colour and volatile composition of pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)

Pistachios have been roasted following the Iranian traditional method (soaking in salty water, drying and roasting at 135 °C). Three Iranian pistachio cultivars (Ahmad Aghaei, Akbari and Kaleghouchi) were compared for their volatile compositions, colour and odour intensity. Lightness decreased in the course of roasting, which resulted from Maillard reaction. Raw pistachios had lower concentrations of most volatiles than roasted. A total of twenty‐six compounds were detected in roasted pistachios; these included aldehydes, terpenes, alcohols and only two pyrazines and one furan. These mixtures of volatiles implied that the Iranian roasting system is very soft, and samples retained most of the vegetable notes from fresh pistachios and some roasted notes were generated as well (from 2‐ethyl‐5‐methylpyrazine and 2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐ethylpyrazine). Sample from cultivar Akbari presented higher odour intensity than those by the other two cultivars, due mainly to higher concentrations of pyrazines developed during the roasting step.     

Representativeness of Apple Aroma Extract Obtained by Vacuum Hydrodistillation: Comparison of Two Concentration Techniques

ABSTRACT: Vacuum hydrodistillation, which is a very gentle work-up procedure, has never been used for the extraction of apple aroma. During the concentration of aroma that follows vacuum hydrodistillation, some very volatile components can be lost. The aim of this study was to compare 2 different concentration techniques, liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction, to obtain an apple aroma extract as close as possible to fresh apple. After the elimination of solvent from the extract by gas chromatography, the study of the odor characteristics of solvent-free extracts was made possible. Vacuum hydrodistillation was convenient for fresh apples.     

小决明挥发油的提取及其化学成分的GC-MS分析

分别采用超临界CO2萃取法和水蒸气法提取决明子中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱、气质联用（GC—MS）测定和分析其化学组分。结果显示：超临界CO2萃取法得到的挥发油的主要成分分别是（Z,Z）-9,12-十八碳二烯酸（26．74％）、油酸（24．15％）、n-十六烷酸（13．99％）、大黄根酚（7．26％）、（E）-9-十八碳烯酸（4．52％）和硬脂酸（4．44％）,挥发油中主要含有脂肪酸（75．88％）和蒽醌（7．26％）,得率高于水蒸气法,其决明挥发油在保持较高的亚油酸和油酸含量同时含有更多其它成分,超临界CO2萃取法比水蒸气法更适于提取决明挥发油。     

A new kinetic model for the common juniper essenstial oil extraction by microwave hydrodistillation

The main objective of the present study was to model the kinetics of essential oil extraction from swelled ground juniper berries by classic hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). A new phenomenological kinetic model was developed on the basis of the juniper essential oil extraction mechanism that assumed three mass transfer processes occurring simultaneously: washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion. The new model was compared to the existing kinetic models. Among the tested models, the new model had the smallest mean relative percentage deviation and the highest corrected Akaike information criterion value. In addition, that, the new model was verified for HD and MAHD of essential oils from some other plant materials. On the basis of the above-mentioned facts, the new model can be recommended for modeling the kinetics of essential oil extraction by both HD and MAHD.     

超声波辅助水蒸气提取柠檬精油工艺优化及成分分析

以柠檬果皮为原料,研究超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏提取柠檬精油的最佳工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,选取超声波功率、料液比、超声波时间及蒸馏时间为影响因素,以提取率为响应值,设计响应面试验;通过气相色谱—质谱法对柠檬精油的化学组分进行检测,采用扫描电镜对柠檬皮的微观结构进行观察。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:超声波功率320W、液料比15.51(mL/g)、超声波时间36min、蒸馏时间140min,提取率可达1.97%;柠檬精油中共鉴定出26种化学成分,占总成分的96.16%,主要成分为柠檬烯;扫描电镜观察表明,超声波显著破坏原料细胞结构,促进了精油的快速释放。该工艺与水蒸气蒸馏提取相比,提取率相近,但明显缩短了提取时间。超声波辅助提取柠檬精油是一种有效的提取方法。