有机-无机复合肥生产工艺

随着社会经济快速发展和城乡环境的污染已日趋严重。根据有机肥、无机肥各自的优缺点提出有机-无机肥生产的新工艺。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MIXING: POWER CONSUMPTION AND DEGREE OF SUSPENSION

An experimental study on mixing, degree of suspension and power consumption in solid-liquid suspensions was done. A system similar to those found in anaerobic fermentation processes of animal manures was used, and an existing mixing equipment was adapted for the study. Power consumption and degree of suspension for both mechanical mixing and mixing by gas was determined. The influence of variables such as geometry, solids concentration, stirrer velocity, and gas velocity was studied, discussed, and compared to data from the literature. Best results were obtained for gas mixing, the power consumption being about one fourth of that required by mechanical agitation. Finally, extended correlations relating Power and Reynolds numbers for mechanical mixing and mixing by gas are proposed.     

河西走廊盐碱地治理模式研究

河西走廊由于其独特的地形、地质、水文结构和干旱气候条件,极易形成盐渍化土地,利用工程改良模式、草畜培肥地力模式、林药栽培模式治理盐碱地,使盐碱地资源得到持续利用,取得了较好的效益。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法 测定畜禽粪便中8种金属元素

目的建立微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)测定畜禽粪便中8种金属元素的含量。方法干燥后的畜禽粪便样品经高速球磨仪球磨匀,采用微波消解仪对样品进行消解,消解后的样品用ICP-MS混合模式测定畜禽粪便中的砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、锌、铜和镍等8种金属元素,内标法定量。结果 8种元素检出限分别在0.017～0.64μg/L之间,线性关系良好,相关线性系数r0.999;不同元素的添加回收率为92.0%～101.9%,相对标准偏差为0.9%～5.0%。结论该方法样品前处理简单高效、分析用时短、准确度和精密度高,适用于批量畜禽粪便中多元素的测定。     

酸改性猪粪生物炭的制备及其对直接红23染料的吸附性能

以直接红23染料(DR23)溶液模拟印染废水,对比分析了酸改性前后猪粪生物炭对DR23的吸附特性与机理。通过静态吸附实验考察了DR23溶液的pH、初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附温度、吸附剂添加量等条件对吸附效果的影响,并确定了该吸附过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线。研究发现,相比于未改性生物炭(PMB),酸改性后生物炭(PMB_acid)结构变得疏松多孔,表面官能团丰富,表现出更优的脱色性能,对DR23的吸附去除率最高可达96.10%,最大饱和吸附量为111.51mg/g,且在经过3次循环再生后,PMB_acid对DR23的去除率仍可达到88.31%;此外,pH对PMB_acid的脱色吸附性能影响较小。PMB_acid对DR23的吸附是一个受反应速率和扩散控制的复杂过程,符合于伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;PMB_acid对DR23的吸附机理取决于吸附剂的物理化学性质,其孔结构及各官能团通过不同的机制参与了生物炭对DR23的吸附过程。     

畜禽粪便快速微生物发酵生产有机肥的研究

利用优选获得的微生物菌剂快速发酵畜禽粪便生产有机肥,并进行温室及大田的肥效试验.结果表明,经优选的微生物菌剂可有效提高发酵温度,缩短发酵腐熟时间(基本腐熟时间仅为25 d),且腐熟质量佳.温室试验和大田试验均表明,施用经微生物菌剂发酵制备的有机肥较非菌剂发酵有机肥更能促进作物生长,增加产量,有利于改善作物品质(降低作物硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量),且可在一定程度上增加作物的抗病性.     

多级接触氧化工艺脱氮效果及不同运行方式的对比研究

重点考察了中试规模的多级接触氧化工艺处理不同浓度养鸡厂污水的脱氮效果,对接触氧化槽中的固定填料进行取样测量附着污泥的反硝化速率,发现好氧环境的填料表面污泥存在一定的反硝化性能,证明本工艺中存在同步硝化反硝化现象。通过分段进水以改善碳源不足、通过2#槽间歇曝气以强化缺氧环境,结果表明,缺氧环境不足是脱氮效果的主要限制因素,碳源不足对脱氮也有较大的负面影响。通过分析确定了本工艺的最佳运行方式为2#槽间歇曝气并联运行,当进水总氮质量浓度为203～408 mg/L时,其总氮去除率在81%左右,比最初的串联连续曝气方式时的总氮去除率提高37.9个百分点。     

Calculating soil nutrient balances in Africa at different scales

Nutrient balances were calculated for the arable soils of 38 sub-Saharan African countries. FAO production figures and forecasts for 35 crops for the period 1982–1984 and for 2000 were used to define land use systems, further characterized by fertility input through fertilizers, manure, rain and dust, biological N-fixation, and sedimentation, and fertility output through harvest of crops and removal of residues, leaching, denitrification, and erosion. The summarized output of the study is the sum of inputs minus the sum of outputs of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the root zone. The alarming annual average nutrient loss for sub-Saharan Africa was 22 kg N, 2.5 kg P, and 15 kg K in 1982–84, and will be 26 kg N, 3 kg P, and 19 kg K in 2000. As the soil nutrient pool has to offset the negative balances each year, there is gross nutrient mining in sub-Saharan Africa. The need for integrated systems of nutrient management is emphasized, manipulating all inputs and outputs in a judicious way. Future scenarios of continued mining and conservation of soil fertility are discussed.     

Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure influenced by the waste milk from milking operations

It is not uncommon that a significant amount of milk from milking operations is discharged to manure digesters on dairy farms. To understand the effect of milk on the digester performance, experiments using batch digesters (500-mL flasks) were carried out in this study to co-digest milk and dairy manure at different milk levels for biogas production and pollutant reduction, and a total of 8 treatments were examined [i.e., control (without milk) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, and 19% milk additions]. The temperature for all digesters was maintained at 37 ± 0.5°C throughout the experimental period, which was 28 d. The results showed that co-digesting milk with dairy manure could increase biogas productivity, with the percent cumulative biogas volume increased by 5.6, 16.3, 26.5, 40.8, 50.2, 79.9, and 103.8%, as compared with the control, for milk addition of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, and 19% (vol/vol), respectively. However, the CH₄ content in the biogas decreased slightly as the milk content increased (from 66.5% for the control to 63.5% for 19% milk treatment), implying that the added milk could promote CO₂ production. To avoid that, the milk content in the manure should be controlled below 3%. A linear relationship for the total biogas volume produced with the milk content in the manure was revealed, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. An improved removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand was observed for milk-treated digesters. Good linear regressions between the total biogas production and the percent chemical oxygen demand decrease and the substrate carbon/nitrogen ratio were also obtained (correlation coefficients: 0.93 and 0.99, respectively). Besides, co-digestion of dairy manure and milk was found to improve substrate solids breakdown, but had little effect on percent volatile fatty acid decrease. In summary, the waste milk co-digested with dairy manure may not cause negative effects on anaerobic digester performance.     

Emissions of ammonia,nitrous oxide,methane, and carbon dioxide during storage of dairy cow manure as affected by dietary forage-to-concentrate ratio and crust formation

Sixteen 200-L barrels were used to determine the effects of dietary forage-to-concentrate (F:C) ratio on the rate of NH₃-N, N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions from dairy manure during a 77-d storage period. Manure was obtained from a companion study where cows were assigned to total mixed rations that included the following F:C ratio: 47:53, 54:46, 61:39, and 68:32 (diet dry matter basis) and housed in air-flow-controlled chambers constructed in a modified tiestall barn. On d 0 of this study, deposited manure and bedding from each emission chamber was thoroughly mixed, diluted with water (1.9 to 1 manure-to-water ratio) and loaded in barrels. In addition, on d 0, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 56, 63, 70, and 77 of storage, the rate of NH₃-N, N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions from each barrel were measured with a dynamic chamber and gas concentration measured with a photo-acoustic multi-gas monitor. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Dietary F:C ratio had no effect on manure dry matter, total N and total ammoniacal-N (NH₃-N + NH₄⁺-N), or pH at the time of storage (mean ± SD: 10.6 ± 0.6%, 3.0 ± 0.2%, 93.1 ± 18.1 mg/dL, and 7.8 ± 0.5, respectively). No treatment differences were observed in the overall rate of manure NH₃-N, N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions (mean ± SD over the 77-d storage period; 117 ± 25, 30 ± 7, 299 ± 62, and 15,396 ± 753 mg/hr per m², respectively). The presence of straw bedding in manure promoted the formation of a surface crust that became air dried after about 1 mo of storage, and was associated with an altered pattern in NH₃-N and N₂O emissions in particular. Whereas NH₃-N emission rate was highest on d 0 and gradually decreased until reaching negligible levels on d 35, N₂O emission rate was almost zero the first 2 wk of storage, increased sharply to peak on d 35, and decreased subsequently. The emission rate of CH₄ and CO₂ peaked simultaneously on d 7, but decreased subsequently until the end of the storage period. In this study, C:N ratio of gaseous losses was 32:1, reflecting higher volatile C loss than volatile N loss during storage. On a CO₂-equivalent basis, the most important source of non-CO₂ greenhouse gas emitted was CH₄ until formation of an air-dried crust, but N₂O thereafter. Taken together, these results suggested that the formation of an air-dried crust resulting from the straw bedding present in the manure reduced drastically NH₃-N, and CH₄ emissions, but was conducive of N₂O production and emission.