Amino acid composition,foaming, emulsifying properties and surface hydrophobicity of mustard protein isolate as affected by pH and NaCl

Amino acid composition, protein hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of mustard protein isolate at pH 3, 5, 7 and in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl were studied. Glutamic (19.18 ± 0.30%) and aspartic (7.49 ± 0.11%) acids were the dominants. Foaming ability was enhanced by NaCl. Time to reach 75 mL foam was 23% higher in water than in NaCl. Drained volume after 10 min was concentration dependent and was the lowest in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl at protein concentration of 2.5% and 5%. The emulsifying properties were pH and concentration dependent, and the best results were obtained at pH 3, corresponding to the highest positive charge density of the protein surface. The highest emulsion stability (90.22 ± 3.52%) was obtained in 0.05 m NaCl and 5% protein concentration, whereas the lowest (63.00 ± 1.06%) was in water at all protein concentrations. Protein hydrophobicity was low and depended of pH but not of NaCl.     

Improved analysis of sinigrin in Ethiopian mustard

An ion‐pair reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of sinigrin in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) seed and seed fractions. Separation was compared on several RP‐HPLC columns (Inertsil^® ODS‐4 C₁₈ and ZORBAX^® Eclipse XDB‐C₁₈) with an isocratic eluent containing 100% aqueous (aq.) tetramethylammonium bromide (10 mm , pH 5.0). Sinigrin retention was affected by HPLC variables including the type of ion‐pair reagent, buffer strength and pH, acetonitrile concentration, column temperature and eluent flow rate. Partial validation demonstrated this optimised chromatographic condition to be linear, accurate and precise. Multistage extraction using 70% (v/v) aq. methanol was more efficient than 50% (v/v) aq. acetonitrile. In addition, the matrix effect and recovery rate as well as processing efficiency of the analytical protocol were determined. This method is suitable for high throughput analysis of sinigrin in Ethiopian mustard seed and seed fractions.     

Biodiesel Feedstock from Emulsions Produced by Aqueous Processing of Yellow Mustard

The multi-stage treatment of stable oil-in-water emulsions produced during non-enzymatic aqueous processing of dehulled yellow mustard flour with cyclic ethers [tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1,4-dioxane] was investigated to produce a single-phase oil-solvent-water miscella suitable for biodiesel production. While the single-stage treatment of yellow mustard emulsion recovered 97 % and 95 % of the oil by using 4:1 THF:oil and 9:1 dioxane:oil weight ratios, respectively, miscella phases containing more than 7 % water formed, which made them unsuitable as biodiesel feedstock. Multi-stage treatments of the emulsion using lower THF:oil and dioxane:oil weight ratios were further developed to produce oil-solvent-water miscella phases with low water content. While three-stage extraction of emulsions using 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1 dioxane:oil weight ratios did not destabilize the emulsion, three-stage extraction using 0.5:1 and 0.75:1 THF:oil weight ratios effectively recovered over 97 % of the oil, resulting in the production of oil-rich miscella phases containing only 1 % and 1.5 % water, respectively. These miscella phases were analyzed for free fatty acid and phosphorus contents and proved to be excellent feedstocks for the preparation of high-purity methyl esters through single-phase base-catalyzed transmethylation.     

流通领域中环境因素对盐渍榨菜品质变化的影响

研究盐渍榨菜在流通过程中环境因素:流通温度、流通湿度、光照强度、流通时间作用下的品质变化规律,采用响应面法得出各因素对盐渍榨菜品质影响,并确定相应的数学模型,从而得出影响因素与榨菜品质变化的关系.     

Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella by Combinations of Oriental Mustard,Malic Acid,and EDTA

The antimicrobial activities of oriental mustard extract alone or combined with malic acid and EDTA were investigated against Salmonella spp. or Listeria monocytogenes at different temperatures. Five strain Salmonella or L. monocytogenes cocktails were separately inoculated in Brain Heart Infusion broth containing 0.5% (w/v) aqueous oriental mustard extract and incubated at 4 °C to 21 °C for 21 d. For inhibitor combination tests, Salmonella Typhimurium 02:8423 and L. monocytogenes 2–243 were individually inoculated in Mueller Hinton broth containing the mustard extract with either or both 0.2% (w/v) malic acid and 0.2% (w/v) EDTA and incubated at 10 °C or 21 °C for 10 to 14 d. Mustard extract inhibited growth of the L. monocytogenes cocktail at 4 °C up to 21 d (2.3 log₁₀ CFU/mL inhibition) or at 10 °C for 7 d (2.4 log₁₀ CFU/mL inhibition). Salmonella spp. viability was slightly, but significantly reduced by mustard extract at 4 °C by 21 d. Although hydrolysis of sinigrin in mustard extract by both pathogens was 2 to 6 times higher at 21 °C than at 4 °C to 10 °C, mustard was not inhibitory at 21 °C, perhaps because of the instability of its hydrolysis product (allyl isothiocyanate). At 21 °C, additive inhibitory effects of mustard extract with EDTA or malic acid led to undetectable levels of S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes by 7 d and 10 d, respectively. At 10 °C, S. Typhimurium was similarly susceptible, but combinations of antimicrobials were not more inhibitory to L. monocytogenes than the individual agents.     

云南新平腌菜发酵过程中品质变化规律

目的:获得云南传统新平腌菜最佳发酵时间。方法:对不同发酵时间下新平腌菜进行感官评价和质构测定,并按国标法测定pH值和亚硝酸盐含量。结果:随着发酵进行,感官方面,新平腌菜色泽和质地得分逐渐上升,6 d后趋于平稳,香气和滋味得分先升高,7 d后开始下降;质构方面,菜柄的咀嚼性从发酵第7天开始趋于稳定;发酵7 d时pH值为4.67,之后下降并稳定在4.3左右;发酵20 h时出现亚硝峰,2 d后亚硝酸盐含量下降到1~3 mg/kg。结论:综合考虑感官、质构、pH值及亚硝酸盐含量变化,发酵7 d左右的新平腌菜品质最佳。     

雪里蕻腌菜特征风味物质的分离和鉴定

运用色-质(GC/MS)联用技术对雪里蕻腌菜的风味物质进行了研究,以期发现能显著影响其风味特性的关键性成分.首先,对雪里蕻腌菜卤汁的乙醚萃取浓缩液组分进行了鉴定,结果发现有机酸组分8个,醇类组分4个,腈类组分2个,酯类组分1个,芳香烃2个.经动态顶空吸附雪里蕻腌菜挥发性组分并进行组分离,在GC-MS图谱上进行组分的分离鉴定,其特征风味在碱性组分中嗅感强烈.雪里蕻腌菜挥发性成分经GC-MS检测解析为烃类、醇类、酯类、腈及杂环化合物,其中丁烯腈及苯并噻唑与雪里蕻腌菜特征风味形成密切相关.     

茎瘤芥瘤茎质构分析

质构是榨菜重要的品质特征,与榨菜原料（茎瘤芥瘤茎）的质构和加工工艺密切相关。 采用质构分析（TPA）仪对茎瘤芥瘤茎及 榨菜进行质构分析,结果表明,茎瘤芥瘤茎头部与中部的弹性、咀嚼性和粘结性,头部与尾部的硬度和脆度无显著性差异（P＞0.05）, 其他质构指标均有不同程度的显著性差异（P＜0.05）;各个部位质构指标分析数据离散程度小;茎瘤芥瘤茎各个部位的咀嚼性-粘结 性、咀嚼性-弹性相关性较高;茎瘤芥瘤茎质构各个指标的相关性的规律性与取样方式有关,芯部硬度与脆度的相关性较高,而皮层 硬度与脆度的相关性较低。 榨菜的脆度值较茎瘤芥瘤茎减小,而榨菜的硬度值、弹性值、内聚性值、咀嚼性值和粘结性值较茎瘤芥瘤 茎增大。