Field observations on the occurrence of new indicators of disinfection efficiency

This paper summarizes studies on the presence of acid-fast and yeast organisms in wastewater and water treatment plants and in surface water. These organisms were found to satisfy three of Bonde's criteria for indicator organisms: presence whenever pathogens are likely to be present; resistance at least equal to that of pathogens; and lack of regrowth in the post-treatment environment. This, plus prior data, indicates that these organisms are at least as acceptable as indicators of disinfection efficiency than the coliform group.     

Inactivation behaviors of foodborne microorganisms in multi-frequency power ultrasound-treated orange juice

This study established the inactivation kinetic parameters of some pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serotypes, and Listeria monocytogenes; and spoilage yeasts namely, Debaryomyces hansenii, Clavispora lusitaniae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Pichia fermentans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in orange juice subjected to multi-frequency Dynashock power ultrasound treatment. All test organisms exhibited a biphasic inactivation behavior with a sigmoidal inactivation curve consisted of an initial inactivation lag, followed by logarithmic linear inactivation. Injury accumulation in the inactivation lag phase was established in acid-adapted bacteria. The time necessary to reduce initial inoculated populations by 5 log cycles (99.999%), T_5D values, significantly increased with acid adaptation. The T_5D of E. coli, S. enterica, and L. monocytogenes increased from 37.64, 36.87, and 34.59 respectively; to 54.72, 40.38, and 37.83 min respectively after acid exposure. Temperature increase due to sensible heat propagation during ultrasound treatment decreased the resistance of the test bacteria. The cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 had significantly greater resistance towards ultrasound treatment (T_5D = 54.72 min) than any of the individual strain (T_5D = 41.48–47.48 min) in the mix. Similar results were found in the composited (T_5D = 60.02 min) and individual species (T_5D = 20.31–59.04 min). The results established in this work provide baseline information on microbial behavior in multi-frequency ultrasound-treated orange juice for establishment of pasteurization process schedules.     

Antioxidant Properties of Sparkling Wines Produced with β-Glucanases and Commercial Yeast Preparations

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of sparkling wines produced with β-glucanases, autolysated yeasts, yeast cell walls, and purified mannoproteins. Total antioxidant capacity (measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] radical-scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] assay), and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (HRSA) were higher in the wine samples with coadjuvants (in relation to the control wine). The highest values of antioxidant activity were achieved with purified mannoproteins and, in lesser extent, with β-glucanases. Neutral polysaccharides and total proteins were highly and positively correlated with DPPH, FRAP, and HRSA assays. However, correlations between the levels of each different phenolic family and antioxidant and radical-scavenging activities were not found. β-Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. Practical Application: β-Glucanase and commercial yeast preparations can be excellent coadjuvants to increase the antioxidant properties of sparkling wines. The suggested improvement has significant implication for the production of high added value sparkling wines.     

中国酿酒酵母菌的研究--不同酒类酵母筛选与应用纪实(下)

总结了我国50多年来对不同酒类酵母筛选也应用的研究成果，并通过大量翔实的数据详尽地阐释了酒类酵母不同的特性与作用，推出优良菌种，以达到优质高产、节约粮食之目的。酒类酵母分为酒精酵母、生香酵母、威士忌酵母。酒精酵母又分为小曲酒酵母、大曲酒酵母、小麦酒精酵母、甘蔗酒精酵母。四川小曲酒酵母以纳溪109号酵母较优良，黄酒126号酵母次之；大曲酒酵母以1308号较优，AS2．399次之；小麦酒精酵母以1308号酒精酵母较优；甘蔗酒精酵母则以川102号较优。（陶然）     

香格里拉产区特色非酿酒酵母及自然发酵葡萄酒香气成分的研究

以香格里拉产区澜沧江流域4个不同海拔葡萄园（布村、溜筒江、斯农和阿东）的酿酒葡萄赤霞珠为试材,对各地葡萄酒特色非酿酒酵母进行分离鉴定,并采用气质联用（GC-MS）法对各地自然发酵葡萄酒的香气成分进行分析。结果表明：各地赤霞珠自然发酵葡萄酒中共分离鉴定到非酿酒酵母9个属10个种,其中,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）在各地均有分离到;黏红酵母（Rhodotorula glutinis）在布村、溜筒江和阿东均有分离到;出芽短梗霉（Aureobasidium pullulans）、汉逊德巴利酵母（Debaryomyces hansenii）和美极梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia pulcherrima）为斯农独有;而核果梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia fructicola）、季也蒙毕赤酵母（Meyerozyma guilliermondii）和克鲁维毕赤酵母（Pichia kluyveri）为阿东独有;浅黄隐球酵母（Cryptococcus flavescens）为溜筒江独有。这些非酿酒酵母使得各地自然发酵葡萄酒的香气各具特色,其中以醇类、酯类和芳香族类香气种类与含量的差异最为突出。     

利用微卫星标记分析酿酒酵母的遗传多样性

为研究本土酿酒酵母的种内多态性,以及本土野生酵母与商业酵母之间的差异性,本实验采用4个微卫星标记（ScAAT1、YOR267C、C11、YPL009C）分析18株商业酵母和28株陕西泾阳分离的野生酿酒酵母的遗传多样性,利用PopGen32进行遗传参数的分析。结果表明：4个位点共检测出66个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为16～18个;平均多态信息含量0.862 3,均为高多态位点;46株菌表现出39种基因型,分辨率为98.94%;观测杂合度0.478 3～0.658 5。野生酵母和商业酵母均具有丰富的遗传多样性,两个群体各具有自己独特的等位基因,且两者在聚类图中有较清晰的界线。     

5株非酿酒酵母的耐受性及发酵特性研究

以陆生伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia terricola）、浅白隐球酵母（Cryptococcus albidus）、葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）、美极梅奇酵母（Metschnikowia pulcherrima）、戴尔有孢圆酵母（Torulaspora delbruecki）为试材,分析了5株非酿酒酵母的生长特性、耐受性和碳源氮源同化能力及发酵速率。结果表明,戴尔有孢圆酵母的生长量较大,耐受的葡萄糖质量浓度为500 g/L、酒精体积分数为18%、SO2质量分数为420 mg/L,可同化氮源3种、碳源11种;陆生伊萨酵母的生长量较小,耐受的葡萄糖质量浓度为350 g/L、酒精体积分数为6%、SO2质量分数为120 mg/L,可同化氮源4种、碳源10种;其余3株非酿酒酵母的耐受及发酵特性优于陆生伊萨酵母低于戴尔有孢圆酵母;陆生伊萨酵母发酵速率在第2天达到最大值,其余4株酵母均在第3天达到发酵高峰。