Oleuropein Inhibits LDL Oxidation Induced by Cooking Oil Frying By-products and Platelet Aggregation Induced by Platelet-Activating Factor

Oleuropein, a polyphenolic glucoside, constituent of olive fruit and oil, has been previously shown to exhibit, in vitro, potent properties as a biological antioxidant. In the present paper, two new properties are demonstrated in vitro as well, concerning its vascular protection activity, against the atheromatic lesion formation and its blood antithrombotic effect. Firstly, it was found that the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), induced by different quantities of total polar materials (TPM), was inhibited by 10 μ M (final concentration) of oleuropein, revealing approx. 50% protection. Secondly, platelet-rich human plasma aggregation, induced by either the platelet-activating factor or adenosine diphospate or arachidonic acid, was inhibited by oleuropein. The 10 μ M (final concentration) of oleuropein was proven to be the most effective among the tested concentrations against LDL oxidation, while an IC₅₀=0.41 mM was calculated for its inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by 0.7 μ M platelet-activating factor.     

Evaluation of table olive by‐product as a source of natural antioxidants

The main by‐product from the table olive canning industry is the stone with some residual olive flesh. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the composition – phenolic compounds (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein) and tocopherol – and the antioxidant activity in different fractions (flesh, stone and seed) from the table olive by‐product and the whole by‐product. The highest amounts of phenolic compounds (1710.0 ± 33.8 mg kg^?1) as well as the highest antioxidant activity (8226.9 ± 9.9 hydroxytyrosol equivalents mg kg^?1) were obtained in the seed. The highest amounts of hydroxytyrosol (854.8 ± 66.0 mg kg^?1) and tyrosol (423.6 ± 56.9 mg kg^?1) were found in the whole by‐product from the pepper stuffed olives, while the stone without seed had the maximum oleuropein content (750.2 ± 85.3 mg kg^?1). α‐Tocopherol values were between 79.8 ± 20.8 mg kg^?1 in the seed of the olive stone and 6.2 ± 1.2 mg kg^?1 in the whole by‐product from the anchovy‐stuffed olives. In light of the results obtained, it would seem possible to use table olive by‐product as a source of natural antioxidants in foods, cosmetics or pharmaceutical products, thus contributing to diminishing the environmental impact of table olive by‐product and to its revalorisation.     

木樨榄属植物中裂环烯醚萜类的提取方法及开发前景

裂环烯醚萜类化合物是木樨榄属植物标记性化合物,尤其是橄榄苦苷具有重要的药理活性。本文作者研究了作者裂环烯醚萜类化合物植物来源、化学结构特征和物化性质及药理作用,提出木樨榄属油橄榄叶提取物加工工艺和橄榄苦苷的检测方法,为我国油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷的加工利用提供依据。     

橄榄苦苷改善db/db小鼠糖尿病的肝脏转录组学及生物信息学分析

通过转录组学及其生物信息学分析,研究了橄榄苦苷缓解db/db小鼠糖尿病的肝脏差异表达基因及相关信号通路。结果发现与db/db对照组相比,橄榄苦苷处理组的539个基因发生显著变化,其中450个基因显著上调,89个基因显著下调。将上调和下调的差异表达基因在基因本体论数据库中注释,这些差异表达基因主要在细胞过程、细胞部分和结合中分布。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路富集分析结果显示上调的差异表达基因主要富集在磷酸肌醇3-激酶-蛋白激酶B信号通路途径,该通路共涉及27个差异表达基因;下调的差异表达基因主要富集在花生四烯酸代谢和真核生物中核糖体的生物发生信号通路途径,分别涉及4个差异表达基因。本研究为进一步阐明橄榄苦苷缓解2型糖尿病的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Influence of malaxation conditions on characteristic qualities of olive oil

While there has been considerable work examining the effect of extraction methods and malaxation conditions on different characteristics of olive oils, there have been few that deal with all the major aspects. Here we have evaluated three different extraction techniques and the influence of time and temperature during malaxation using a major Italian (cv. Coratina) and the main Cretan (cv. Koroneiki) cultivars. Standard characteristics were measured as well as detailed analyses of alcohols, steroids and phenolics were conducted. Quality was also assessed by Panel tests. The main variables were the total amount and composition of the phenolics. In turn, this influenced the oxidative stability and sensory quality. It was also clear that the cultivars behaved differently and this prevented general conclusions being made for all of the quality characteristics.     

素馨花水提物及其主要成分对3T3-L1细胞成脂分化的影响

该研究探讨素馨花水提物（WE）及其化学成分在3T3-L1前脂肪细胞上的降脂作用。通过将3T3-L1细胞诱导为成熟脂肪细胞,油红Ｏ染色定量和检测甘油三酯（TG）含量判断素馨花样品对脂滴的抑制作用;液质联用仪分析WE中化学成分;MTT检测素馨花及其成分对3T3-L1细胞增殖的影响;Western Blot检测AMPK、C/EBPα、FAS、ACC、CPT1、Bax、Bcl-2等蛋白表达。结果发现,WE能剂量依赖性抑制脂滴形成,其中高浓度WE（500 µg/mL）能降低中性脂质含量23.59%,降低TG含量30.20%,在脂肪积累早期作用最显著,并证明其活性成分主要是橄榄苦苷,含量为13.77%。WE及橄榄苦苷能激活AMPK（123.19%和115.98%）和其下游靶点ACC（451.06%和1 050.0%）的磷酸化、下调其下游靶点FAS（81.72%和60.50%）的蛋白表达,减少脂肪形成,提高CPT1（164.84%和292.19%）蛋白的表达,加快脂肪酸氧化;抑制C/EBPα（68.97%和34.57%）的表达,影响3T3-L1细胞分化;上调Bax（154.60%和139.37%）、下调Bcl-2（41.10%和45.62%）蛋白的表达,诱导脂肪细胞凋亡。结果提示,WE能在3T3-L1细胞分化过程早期抑制细胞生长、分化和脂肪合成并促进脂肪酸氧化从而有效抑制脂质积累,机制上可能通过调控AMPK和Bax/Bcl-2通路。     

Antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in a micellar system†

The antioxidant activity of two virgin olive oils, obtained from the same olive (Olea europaea sativa) batch but processed with different hammer crushing conditions, was evaluated by measuring their protective action towards linoleic acid peroxidation in a micellar system. The antioxidant efficiency (AE) of the oil phenolic fraction was higher when the olives were processed with a higher hammer crusher rotation rate. HPLC analysis demonstrated that one of the main derivatives of oleuropein, indicated as 3,4-DHPEA-EDA (the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol), is present only in the oil with higher AE. 3,4-DHPEA-EDA showed the greatest antioxidant ability among virgin olive oil phenols. Its greater efficiency in the micellar system in comparison with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (3,4-DHPEA) is related to its greater lipophilicity. It is suggested that the behaviour in the water–micellar environment is representative of that in a real system such as tomato-based sauce with added virgin olive oil. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷的体外抗氧化和抑菌活性

采用总抗氧化能力法和总还原能力法测定橄榄苦苷体外抗氧化活性,以滤纸片法考察橄榄苦苷对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性,稀释法分析橄榄苦苷对3 种细菌生长曲线的影响和最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）。结果显示：橄榄苦苷在0.02～0.08 mg/mL范围内与2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚相比始终表现出强的总抗氧化能力和总还原能力;橄榄苦苷对3 种细菌生长曲线的影响表现为延缓细菌的对数生长期;在研究质量浓度范围内橄榄苦苷对大肠杆菌抑制作用最强,10 mg/mL时其抑菌圈直径d＝（20.77±0.47）mm,为极度敏感,MIC为0.025 mg/mL;金黄色葡萄球菌为高敏感（d＝（19.23±0.44）mm＞15 mm）,MIC为0.05 mg/mL;而枯草芽孢杆菌处于中度敏感状态（d＝（11.48±0.60） mm＜15 mm）,MIC为0.4 mg/mL。结果表明,橄榄苦苷具有极强的抗氧化和抑菌活性。     

The response of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase,polyphenol oxidase and phenols to cold stress in the olive tree (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual)

BACKGROUND: In this study the activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the concentrations of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein in olive tree (Olea europaea L. cv. Picual) leaves were investigated before and after cold stress by freezing. The air temperature fell to below ?7 °C and, according to the specific field conditions, four categories of orchard were selected: not cold stressed (NS), lightly cold stressed (LS), moderately cold stressed (MS) and heavily cold stressed (HS). RESULTS: In LS and MS samples the PAL specific activity at saturated substrate concentration rose 4.8‐ and 1.9‐fold respectively compared with NS samples. In HS samples the PAL activity declined by 47% compared with NS samples. A low level of PAL protein was detected in all samples affected by cold stress. In LS, MS and HS samples the PPO specific activity at saturated substrate concentration was 1.9‐, 4.4‐ and 9.8‐fold higher respectively than in NS samples. K_m values also increased after cold stress. In MS and HS samples the concentration of oleuropein was 69 and 82% higher respectively than in NS samples, while the concentrations of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol decreased. CONCLUSION: The response of PAL activity may be part of a recovery process of the olive leaf against cold stress, while the response of PPO and oleuropein may be part of an antioxidant protection mechanism. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry