Phytosterols and γ‐oryzanol in rice bran oils and distillates from physical refining process

Commercially available refined rice bran oil (RBO) contained high contents of phytosterol and γ‐oryzanol, that is, 858–1034 and 248–887 mg per 100 g oil, respectively. Although the crude rice bran oil (CRBO) had high contents of both phytochemicals (1362–1376 mg phytosterol per 100 g and 1599–1666 mg γ‐oryzanol per 100 g), physical refining process resulted in their reduction to 820–895 mg phytosterol per 100 g and 933–960 mg γ‐oryzanol per 100 g in RBO (P < 0.05). Both phytochemicals evaporated and accumulated in the deodoriser distillate (DD) to some extent during the deodorising step. Further distillation of DD using molecular distillation (MD) evaporated the free fatty acids (FFAs), resulting in the unevaporated fraction (UMD) having the acid values of 5.6–9.3 mg KOH g^?1. The UMD also contained 1585–3391 mg phytosterol per 100 g and 781–848 mg γ‐oryzanol per 100 g. Results suggest potential use of DD as the source of phytochemicals for further concentration by MD.     

分子蒸馏分离米糠毛油中游离脂肪酸的工艺研究

分别采用甲酯化-分子蒸馏法及直接分子蒸馏法去除米糠毛油中的游离脂肪酸。前者甲酯化反应的酯化率为96.4%,谷维素回收率为98.71%;分子蒸馏通过单因素试验确定的最佳条件为蒸馏温度120℃、预热温度80℃、内冷温度40℃、刮膜器转速400 r/min、进料流量3 m L/min,最终产品收率为83.4%,酸价0.14 mg KOH/g,脂肪酸甲酯的清除率为97.04%,谷维素总回收率为98.39%。后者直接分子蒸馏的最佳蒸馏温度为170℃,最终产品收率为87.9%,酸价0.44 mg KOH/g,游离脂肪酸的清除率为97.6%,谷维素回收率91.65%。2种方法对比,前者虽步骤较多,但蒸馏温度低,谷维素损失少,因此更具优势。     

米糠油综合利用与制取工艺研究

该文介绍米糠油综合利用及其制取工艺方法,即以米糠油皂脚酸化油制取蒸馏浓缩物,并进一步制取各相关产品。     

急冷温度及凝胶剂添加量对植物甾醇/谷维素油凝胶物理特性的影响

为促进植物甾醇/谷维素油凝胶在零反式、低饱和的营养型塑性脂肪中的应用,以大豆油为基料油,植物甾醇/谷维素为凝胶剂,在不同急冷温度(5、20℃)及凝胶剂添加量下制备油凝胶,测定不同急冷温度及凝胶剂添加量下植物甾醇/谷维素油凝胶的晶型、晶体形态、物理稳定性、质构和热力学特性的变化。结果表明：随着凝胶剂添加量的升高,油凝胶中晶体排列逐渐致密,硬度增大,熔点升高;尽管急冷温度对油凝胶的晶型(β晶型)没有明显影响,但相对于5℃急冷,20℃急冷得到的油凝胶晶体组装更为致密,物理稳定性增强;在与传统甘三酯固脂对比SFC与硬度和熔点的关系中发现,在油凝胶体系中熔点随SFC的增加呈现非线性关系增长,但低固体脂肪含量(4.85%)即可赋予植物甾醇/谷维素油凝胶较高的硬度。综上,急冷温度及凝胶剂添加量对植物甾醇/谷维素油凝胶的物理特性具有显著的影响。     

Effect of pre‐germination time of brown rice on serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolaemic rats

BACKGROUND: Brown rice is unpolished rice with immeasurable benefits for human health. Brown rice (BR) and pre‐germinated brown rice (PGBR) are known to contain various functional compounds such as γ‐oryzanol, dietary fibre and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, the experimental diets containing BR and PGBR (24, 48 h pre‐germination) were used to investigate the influence of pre‐germination time of brown rice on blood cholesterol in Sprague–Dawley male rats. RESULTS: Hypercholesterolaemia and elevation of LDL‐cholesterol were successfully ameliorated by the experimental diets containing BR and PGBR (24 and 48 h pre‐germination). As compared to the control sample, the pre‐germination time had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on blood cholesterol of Sprague–Dawley male rats. It was also found that the significantly (P < 0.05) better effect on lipid profile of hypercholesterolaemic rats was observed by prolonging the pre‐germination time. As compared to non‐germinated brown rice, the germinated brown rice showed the higher cardio‐protective effect on hypercholesterolaemic Sprague–Dawley male rats. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the changes of blood cholesterol can be mainly modulated by using the PGBR rather than BR. The prolonging of pre‐germination time led to an increase in the bioactive components, thereby providing a more efficient functional diet affecting the high blood cholesterol. This study suggests that PGBR can be used instead of BR and polished rice in the human diet. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

米糠油中谷维素含量的测定

研究了以正庚烷为溶剂,采用吸收系数法测定稻米油中谷维素含量的最佳溶解时间、最佳溶解温度以及过滤对测定含量值的影响.结果表明:谷维素的含量在溶解时间为90 min之内呈上升趋势,而后随着时间的延长逐渐降低.溶解温度对于谷维素含量的测定没有明显影响.原油中谷维素含量测定需过滤.过滤对物理精炼后的成品油测定影响不大.     

Acidity of oryzanol and its contribution to free fatty acids value in vegetable oils

Model oil systems containing physically refined rice bran oil to which oryzanol was added were examined to determine the effects of oryzanol concentration on FFA values. When oryzanol was added to the model oils at a 0.5% level and FFA was determined, increases in FFA value were 0.28% as determined with phenolphthalein, 0.58% with thymolphthalein, and 0.07% with alkali blue 6B. Oils containing added oryzanol at 0.5–1.5% showed a proportionate increase in FFA values with an average increase of 0.413% per gram of oryzanol. A direct titration of purified oryzanol showed an acidity of 42.5% expressed as FFA. In spectroscopic studies, the phenolic group in the ferulic acid moiety of oryzanol was titrated by sodium hydroxide. Based on these data, indicator correction factors for oryzanol's acidity and a formula for calculating real FFA content of vegetable oils containing oryzanol were developed.     

提高米糠油中谷维素含量的脱酸工艺研究

对米糠油进行脱蜡和磷酸-草酸辅助水化脱胶,再联合碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱酸两段脱酸工艺进行脱酸,研究碱炼脱酸保留酸价以及两段脱酸工艺对谷维素留存率的影响。以谷维素含量、脱酸率、精炼率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面试验优化脱酸工艺。结果表明,原油酸价(KOH)为22～25 mg/g时,碱炼脱酸保留酸价(KOH)取5 mg/g,原油酸价(KOH)为27～33 mg/g时,保留酸价(KOH)取6 mg/g,原油酸价(KOH)为35～37 mg/g时,保留酸价(KOH)取7 mg/g,谷维素留存率较高。米糠油碱炼脱酸的最佳工艺条件为温度25℃,时间22 min,碱液质量分数16. 91%,加碱量为理论碱量加0. 1%的超碱量;蒸馏脱酸的最佳工艺条件为温度225℃,时间86 min,真空度0. 098 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,碱炼脱酸后谷维素含量为2. 05%,脱酸率为77. 78%,精炼率为80. 05%;蒸馏脱酸后谷维素含量由2. 05%升高到2. 16%,接近原油(2. 15%),脱酸率为90. 83%,精炼率为92. 42%。     

谷维素/谷甾醇与单甘酯复合凝胶油形成过程及分子作用特性

以谷维素/谷甾醇和单甘酯为凝胶剂,葵花籽油为原料油制备复合凝胶油,探讨复合凝胶油的形成过程以及单甘酯对凝胶化过程的影响,实验发现凝胶油的形成可分为3?个阶段,在凝胶剂到达过冷、过饱和的平衡阶段,受单甘酯影响较小;在凝胶剂分子聚集成核的对数阶段,单甘酯会增加单位体积焓值,降低总吉布斯自由能,促进成核;而在晶体生长、组装的线性阶段,逐渐形成凝胶油的一级、二级、三级结构,其中三级结构与宏观特性最为紧密,三级结构中永久交联和瞬时交联的比例决定了凝胶油的主要性质。通过核磁分析表明物理截留油是凝胶化植物油的主要机理,在此基础性上通过X-射线衍射和小角X-射线散射分析了凝胶剂的组装结构,结果表明谷维素/谷甾醇凝胶油形成的为六边对称结构,单甘酯凝胶油形成的为层状对称结构,同时含有谷维素/谷甾醇和单甘酯的复合凝胶油为立方对称结构。     

9种市售稻米油极性物质含量的测定及组成分析

基于快速柱层析-高效体积排阻色谱方法,分析市售9种稻米油中极性物主要组分构成比例,与5种植物油极性物构成进行对比,并深入探讨谷维素和植物甾醇在分析条件下的分布。结果表明:稻米油相比常见植物油初始极性组分含量偏高,与棕榈油接近,达6.3%~16.4%,极多的甘油二酯类(DG)水解产物,是造成稻米油极性组分含量偏高的主要原因。在分析条件下,谷维素归于极性组分中的DG类,植物甾醇在极性和非极性组分中皆有,甾醇存在形式的不同造成分布差异,游离甾醇归于极性组分中的游离脂肪酸类(FFA)。