Polarized light imaging of white matter architecture

Polarized light imaging (PLI) is a method to image fiber orientation in gross histological brain sections based on the birefringent properties of the myelin sheaths. The method uses the transmission of polarized light to quantitatively estimate the fiber orientation and inclination angles at every point of the imaged section. Multiple sections can be assembled into a 3D volume, from which the 3D extent of fiber tracts can be extracted. This article describes the physical principles of PLI and describes two major applications of the method: the imaging of white matter orientation of the rat brain and the generation of fiber orientation maps of the human brain in white and gray matter. The strengths and weaknesses of the method are set out.     

Effect of FTY720 and ICAM-1 mAb mono and combination therapy in cardiac allo-transplantation in rats

Objective To observe the effect of FTY720 and ICAM-1 mAb mono and combination therapy in cardiac silo-transplantation in rats. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to 9 groups, heart allo-transplantation were performed in abdominal site with micro-surgical technique. Recipients with allografts were treated with different doses of FTY720 and(or) ICAM-1 mAb. Graft survival, histopathology andlevel of serum IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10were investigated. Results Low doses of FTY720 (lmg/kg) combined with ICAM-1 mAb achieved synergistic effect in the prolongation of cardiac graft survival, combination index(CD =0.67. Conclusion Concomitant therapy of FTY720 and ICAM-1 mAb achieved a synergistic effect in the prolongation of heart allograft survival in rats.     

长期低剂量微波辐照对大鼠血小板的L-精氨酸/NO系统的影响

目的:研究长期低剂量微波对大鼠血小板左旋精氨酸/一氧化氮(L-arginine nitric oxide pathway,L-Arg/NO)系统的影响,为长期暴露于低剂微波下血小板功能的影响提供实验依据.方法:采用峰值功率为5W/cm2的微波辐照健康成年雄性SD大鼠,1小时/天,连续40天,而后检测辐照后大鼠尾部出血时间、血清NO(nitric oxide)含量、血小板源性NO(platelet-derived nitric oxide,PDNO)含量及血小板一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性的变化.结果 微波辐照组与对照组相比,尾部出血时间显著缩短(P＜0.01),血清NO含量、PDNO含量及血小板NOS活性均有非常显著的降低(P＜0.01).结论:长期低剂量微波辐照后NO的抗血小板聚集作用减弱,血小板活化与血小板L-Arg/NO系统功能紊乱有关.     

HPPH光动力学治疗大鼠C6脑胶质瘤实验研究的磁共振弥散成像DWI的表现

目的: 研究不同剂量新型叶绿素光敏剂HPPH光动力学疗法治疗大鼠C6脑胶质细胞移植瘤模型, 无创观察磁共振波谱技术(DWI)变化、评价疗效及选择光敏剂HPPH最佳治疗剂量并与常规光敏剂血卟啉衍化物(HPD)光动力学治疗及对照组作对比。方法: 建立大鼠C 6脑胶质瘤移植瘤模型, 以不同剂量新型叶绿素光敏剂HPPH(0.15、0.3、0.45 mg/kg)光动力学治疗, 尾静脉注药后18 h, 以波长667 nm激光照射大鼠脑肿瘤, 照射功率密度200 mW/cm2, 照射时间20 min, 能量密度240 J/cm2, 于治疗前、治疗后7、14天(P0、P7、P14), 即肿瘤接种后第7、14、21天(T7、T14、T21天),以磁共振平扫、增强扫描及弥散技术(DWI)无创测定肿瘤大小及ADC值。并与HPD-PDT、正常脑、对照组(未治疗、单注药、单照激光)肿瘤组的ADC值作对比。最后以病理验证。结果: ADC均值正常脑在406.01±53.59-436.25±50.23间, 未治疗脑肿瘤组均值T7天、T14天、T21天分别为738±219.57、 660.65±105.32、551.37±103.58, 由于肿瘤长大, 肿瘤细胞数的增加使弥散成像ADC值下降。各单注药、单激光对照组的变化同未治疗空白组规律相似。T检验, 各未光动力学治疗对照组间比P值＞0.05无明显差异, 与正常脑比P值＜0.05有显著差异。光动力学治疗组P0组与未治疗对照组相似ADC均值在609.78～705.96之间; P7天, ADC均值由于治疗后脑组织的水肿均有升高, 以HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组均值上升较多(782.2±95.6、779.01±291.1),其次HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT组(765.22±110.13), HPD-PDT组降低一些(644.13±94.17); P14天, ADC均值明显下降, 由于肿瘤细胞光动力学治疗后的凋亡、死亡,ADC均值下降, HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组435.86±46.04、429.34±70.05接近正常脑值;HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT组稍高619.98±93.49, HPD-PDT组550.13±94.48, 这两组由于肿瘤细胞的凋亡死亡较差, 有较多的肿瘤细胞存在, 影响弥散值, HPPH0.15mg/kg-PDT组ADC值高于HPD-PDT组, 肿瘤细胞较后者少。各组ADC值T检验, 光动力学治疗组间HPPH0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT两组比P＞0.05无显著差别, 上两组与HPPH0.15 mg/kg-PDT、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT, P值＜0.05有显著的差别, 与正常脑比P值＞0.05无显著差异, 与未光动力学治疗对照组比P值＜0.05有显著差别;HPPH 0.15mg/kg-PDT、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT二组间比, P值＞0.05无显著差别, 上两组与正常脑比, P值＜0.05有显著差异, 与未光动力学治疗对照组比, P值＞0.05无显著差别。以磁共振增强测定各组肿瘤体积, P14/、P0 HPPH0.15、0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT组、HPD5 mg/kg-PDT组均值为4.43±4.8、0.37±0.25、0.71±0.42、8.31±1.56;对照组T21/T7单注药HPPH0.45 mg/kg组, 单注药HPD5 mg/kg组、单670 nm激光照射组、单630 nm激光照射组、未治疗肿瘤组为17.01±0.36、16.66±0.31、18.37±0.47、17.66±0.04、20.24±1.75. 大鼠脑接种肿瘤第21天病理表现正常脑组织仅见神经元细胞及胶质细胞;而接种C6胶质细胞瘤后大鼠脑可见大片密集成巢状生长, 色深、大小不一、有核分裂的肿瘤细胞, 随着肿瘤生长时间的增加, 肿瘤细胞的密度加大。未光动力学治疗组的病理表现与上相同。光动力治疗后可见肿瘤细胞变性、色变淡、细胞密度减少, 脑组织水肿及毛细血管扩张, 程度与光敏剂HPPH的剂量有关, HPPH 0.15 mg/kg-PDT较差一些、而HPPH 0.30、0.45 mg/kg-PDT 较明显、有的只有少量的肿瘤细胞, 仅可见正常脑神经元细胞及胶质细胞;而HPD-PDT后的脑肿瘤细胞变性程度较HPPH-PDT更差一些, 标本中仍可见较多的肿瘤细胞。结论: 磁共振增强、DWI技术能在无创情况下动态观察接种C6脑胶质瘤后大鼠脑组织内胶质瘤的生长情况, 了解肿瘤细胞的凋亡情况以及肿瘤细胞密集区域, 测量肿瘤肿块大小。 HPPH-PDT能治疗大鼠C6脑胶质瘤移植瘤, 光敏剂剂量以 HPPH 0.30 mg/kg较佳。HPPH-PDT疗效优于HPD-PDT。     

A new approach to assessing sweat production

Since 1916 when Stillians (1) first reported that excessive axillary sweating could be reduced by the application of 25% aqueous aluminium chloride, sales of antiperspirant products have increased dramatically. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of action of these compounds has not been clearly elucidated (2). In most cases, investigations have been performed on animal foot pads, excised human biopsy specimens and skin samples in vivo (3). A model which eliminated problems encountered in whole body investigations (for example, influence of blood flow) would be preferable. One such method, introduced in part by Sato (3), has been investigated. Preliminary investigations suggest that this method could become useful in the evaluation of the mode of action of antiperspirants.
Sweat production was induced using carbachol and methacholine in isolated rat plantar sweat glands. These were maintained in a suitable environment (modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate at 38°C containing 30% w/v fresh rat serum). The output of sweat was measured every 5 minutes for 85 minutes and the maximal final volume obtained with any one gland was 23 nanolitres.
Sweat production ceased on administration of appropriate concentrations of atropine or the withdrawal of calcium ions from the bathing fluid.
Une nouvelle approche pour évaluer la transpiration     

固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的数值仿真

基于一种固体燃料超燃冲压实验发动机的实验数据,使用数值模拟软件分别对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的初始状态以及启动后的燃烧流动进行数值模拟。采用用户自定义函数方式给定PMMA燃料进口边界。数值模拟结果显示:燃烧室流场特性分布符合理论分析;燃烧室固体燃料壁面的燃料退移速率与实验数据有一定差异,但是整个燃面沿轴向的燃速分布规律与实验值近似;沿轴向的燃面附近的压力分布与实验结果较为吻合。研究结果表明:该数值计算模型较为合理,对固体燃料超燃冲压发动机的理论研究具有一定参考价值。     

大鼠中脑水管室管膜上皮的超微结构观察

应用扫描和透射电子显微镜观察研究大鼠中脑水管室管膜的超微结构特征。发现中脑水管壁具有平行走向的纵嵴,腔面被覆单层立方或柱状上皮;上皮细胞游离面可见大量纤毛、微绒毛及分泌泡;细胞核圆形,位于细胞中央;胞浆内细胞器分布具有明显的极性特点。通过超微结构研究,认为大鼠中脑水管不仅单纯是脑脊液引流的通路,而且还具有主动参与脑脊液分泌的功能。     

近红外漫反射光谱在脱水剂脱水作用中的应用研究

分析了脑局部皮层的近红外漫反射光谱在研究脱水剂脱水作用中的可行性。将60只SD大鼠随机分成A、B、C三组,每组分别在尾静脉推注0.9% NaCl、20%甘露醇和7.5% NaCl(均为10ml/kg),利用双光纤微创探头实时在位采集推注前后大鼠局部脑皮质的近红外漫反射光谱,分析光谱变化。结果：A组(0.9% NaCl)推注前后光谱未见明显变化,B组(20% 甘露醇)和C组(7.5% NaCl)推注后近红外区光谱斜率绝对值的相对变化率分别上升（5.5±1.2）%和（10.5±2.5）%,三组间的差别存在统计学意义。可见,脑局部皮质的漫反射光谱可作为一种评估脱水剂脱水作用的新方法。     

大鼠肺巨噬细胞iNOS电镜细胞化学定位显示法

目的;对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞NOS进行细胞内定位显示。方法：由大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中获取肺泡巨噬细胞,富集制备成单层细胞爬片。在37℃,5％CO2的二氧化碳培养箱中,用LPS（1g/L）刺激24h以诱导肺泡巨噬细胞NOS表达。采用NADPH－d电镜细胞化学术对肺泡巨噬细胞NOS进行定位显示。结果：活化的AM胞浆内可见大量颗粒状电子密度沉淀。结论：NADPH－d电镜细胞化学方法所显示的AM诱导型NOS是胞浆酶。     

不同功率半导体激光照射对大鼠神经电生理功能恢复的影响

研究不同功率的半导体激光照射对大鼠损伤神经电生理功能恢复的影响。结果：１５ｍＷ的半导体激光照射可促进神经纤维的再生过程,第６、８周时激光组的运动神经传导速度明显高于对照组,而５ｍＷ和１０ｍＷ半导体激光照射组与对照组比较无明显差异。结论：１５ｍＷ半导体激光照射大鼠２的坐骨神经,有促进损伤神经功能恢复的作用。