Nitric Oxide Complex of Iron(II) Myoglobin Converted from Metmyoglobin by Staphylococcus xylosus

With Staphylococcus xylosus FAX-1, metmyoglobin in MRS broth (pH 5.8) was found to undergo conversion to hexacoordinate nitric oxide (NO) complex of Fe(II) myoglobin. When the pH of the MRS culture containing myoglobin changed from 5.8 to 4.0, it affected the conversion from hexacoordinate to pentacoordinate NO complex of Fe(II) myoglobin. This conversion process was reversible. Salami without nitrite or nitrate addition was prepared by inoculating S. xylosus FAX-1, and pentacoordinate NO complex of Fe(II) myoglobin (nitrosylmyoglobin formed in cured meat) was formed in the salami.     

嗜酸乳杆菌冻干保护剂及其直投式复合发酵剂的开发

为提高嗜酸乳杆菌冻干存活率和研发以嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉为基础的直投式复合发酵剂,本研究以嗜酸乳杆菌为试验菌株,在单因素实验、析因实验和最陡爬坡实验的基础上采用响应面分析优化了嗜酸乳杆菌真空冷冻干燥的保护剂配方。优化后将嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉与肉糖葡萄球菌冻干菌粉以一定质量比复合并应用于萨拉米香肠的制备中。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌最佳冻干保护剂(以11%脱脂乳为基础)配方为:海藻糖3.03 g/100 mL、甘油9.50 g/100 mL、谷氨酸钠3.50 g/100 mL,此条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌冻干存活率高达81.24%;嗜酸乳杆菌与肉糖葡萄球菌的冻干菌粉最佳比例为1:2,直投式复合发酵剂最佳接种量为10~8 cfu/g。与对照组相比,该直投式复合发酵剂生产的萨拉米香肠酸味柔和,色泽、硬度、弹性良好,总体接受度最高。     

Effects of incorporation of interesterified plant oils on quality and fatty acid composition of Turkish‐type salami

Application of interesterified plant oils (IPOs) prepared from palm, cottonseed and olive oil (IPaO, ICO and IOO, respectively) have been studied in Turkish‐type salamis. Beef fat (10%) was replaced by one of the IPOs for 20, 60 or 100%. Incorporation of IPO was well reflected in fatty acid composition and saturated fatty acids/unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/UFA) ratios of the lipid fraction of all batches. Significant differences in appearance, color, texture, flavour or total score were not found among the control and Turkish‐type salamis with different types and levels of IPO. We conclude that IPOs may be successfully applied as beef fat substitutes in Turkish‐type salami.     

DNA提取前处理方法对萨拉米香肠中细菌种群结构的影响

通过比较不同DNA提取前处理方法在高通量测序中对萨拉米香肠细菌种群结构的影响,为建立规范的高通量测序的操作流程优选出更适宜的前处理方法.采用直接提取法(M0)、拍击均质法(Ml)和振荡珠磨法(M2)3种常用前处理方法提取萨拉米香肠中细菌DNA,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析萨拉米香肠中细菌16S rRNA V3-V4...     

Formation of Heterocyclic Amines in Salami and Ham Pizza Toppings During Baking of Frozen Pizza

Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are formed as Maillard reaction products in the crust of meat products during heating processes. Two typical pizza toppings—salami and cooked ham—were analyzed for the presence of HAs after baking frozen pizzas at top and bottom temperatures of 250 and 230 °C, respectively. After baking pizza slices for 12 min, MeIQx (2‐amino‐3,4,8‐trimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline; 0.2 ng/g), 4,8‐DiMeIQx (2‐amino‐3,8‐dimethylimidazo[4,5‐f]quinoxaline; 0.5 ng/g), PhIP (2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine; 0.2 ng/g), norharman (4.5 ng/g), and harman (2.5 ng/g) were found in the ham toppings, whereas only the comutagenic norharman (107.4 ng/g) and harman (11.4 ng/g) were found in the salami toppings. The content of MeIQx and 4,8‐DiMeIQx in ham increased from 0.3 to 1.8 ng/g and 0.8 to 1.6 ng/g, respectively, when the recommended baking time was increased from 15 min (manufacturer's specification) to 18 min at 230 °C. MeIQx was formed in salami when the heating time was extended to 18 min. Moreover, higher concentrations of PhIP in salami or ham slices were found when baking temperatures were 250 °C rather than 230 °C (baking time of 12 min). However, sensory tests showed that panelists preferred longer‐baked pizzas due to an increased crispiness. Thus, results show that a substantial formation of HAs may occur in pizza toppings such as ham and salami, with ham being particularly susceptible when compared to salami. Formation of HAs increases with increasing baking time and temperature. The occurrence of the cupping of ham or salami slices during baking may also increase the formation of HAs.     

Modeling Surface Transfer of Listeria monocytogenes on Salami during Slicing

ABSTRACT: Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in several listeriosis outbreaks linked to the consumption of presliced ready‐to‐eat (RTE) deli meats, which has drawn considerable attention in regard to possible cross‐contamination during slicing operation at retail and food service environments. Salami with 15% fat (a moderate fat content deli item) was used to investigate the transfer of L. monocytogenes between a meat slicer and salami slices and to understand its impact on food safety. A 6‐strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes was inoculated onto a slicer blade to an initial level of approximately 3, 5, 6, 7, or 9 log CFU/blade (or approximately 2, 4, 5, 6, or 8 log CFU/cm² of the blade edge area), and then the salami was sliced to a thickness of 1 to 2 mm (case I). For another cross‐contamination scenario, a clean blade was first used to slice salami loaf that was previously surface‐inoculated with L. monocytogenes (approximately 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 log CFU/100 cm² area), followed by slicing the uninoculated salami loaf (case II). The salami slicing rate was maintained at an average of 3 to 4 slices per minute in all the tests. The results showed that the empirical models developed in this study were reasonably accurate in describing the transfer trend/pattern of L. monocytogenes between the blade and salami slices if the inoculum level was > 5 log CFU on the salami or blade. With an initial inoculum at 3 or 4 log CFU, the experimental data seemed to suggest a rather random pattern of bacterial transfer between blade and salami. The currently developed models are microbial load (n), sequential slice index (X), and contamination route dependent, which might limit their applications to certain conditions. However, the models may be further applied to predict the 3 or 4 log CFU level (and below) cross‐contamination of salami slicing process. Considering only few data are available in the literature regarding food pathogen surface transfer, the empirical models may provide a useful tool in building risk assessment procedures.     

Authentication study of volatile flavour compounds composition in Slavonian traditional dry fermented salami “kulen”

Volatiles from famous Slavonian salami “kulen” were isolated by nitrogen purge and steam distillation (NPSD) and analysed, for the first time, by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC and GC–MS). In all, 119 organic compounds were identified that originated from lipid oxidation, amino acid degradation, smoke treatment and added spices with different distribution among NPSD traps. NPSD method enabled comprehensive profiling with almost exclusive distribution of several major compounds in particular trap with little or no interference from abundant lipid constituents in the samples. The major identified flavour important compounds were methylphenols, methoxyphenols, organosulphur compounds (diallyl sulphide, diallyl disulphide, methylallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide and methional) and several derivatives of 2-cyclopenten-1-one such as ethyl cyclotene. Non-important flavour constituents such as high-molecular fatty acids, alcohols and aldehydes were also present among abundant compounds. General trends for possible discrimination of “kulen” volatiles profile among other European salami volatiles were noticed (lower amount of terpenes and higher percentages of diallyl sulphide, methoxyphenols, methylphenols and 2-cyclopenten-1-one derivatives).