Modification of appetite by bread consumption: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

The inclusion of different ingredients or the use of different baking technologies may modify the satiety response to bread, and aid in the control of food intake. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic search of randomized clinical trials on the effect of bread consumption on appetite ratings in humans. The search equation was (“Bread”[MeSH]) AND (“Satiation”[MeSH] OR “Satiety response”[MeSH]), and the filter “clinical trials.” As a result of this procedure, 37 publications were selected. The satiety response was considered as the primary outcome. The studies were classified as follows: breads differing in their flour composition, breads differing in ingredients other than flours, breads with added organic acids, or breads made using different baking technologies. In addition, we have revised the data related to the influence of bread on glycemic index, insulinemic index and postprandial gastrointestinal hormones responses. The inclusion of appropriate ingredients such as fiber, proteins, legumes, seaweeds and acids into breads and the use of specific technologies may result in the development of healthier breads that increase satiety and satiation, which may aid in the control of weight gain and benefit postprandial glycemia. However, more well-designed randomized control trials are required to reach final conclusions.     

No thanks, I'm good. Any more and I'll be sick: Comment on Lynch and Carroll (2001).

W. J. Lynch and M. E. Carroll's (see record 200106653-001) excellent analyses of drug intake from a regulation perspective are formalized in terms of control systems. Satiation corresponds to the set point, deviations below which are called hunger or craving, deviations above which are called surfeit. Although simple, the model provides a unifying framework for many of the phenomena Lynch and Carroll describe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Oxytocin and Food Intake Control: Neural,Behavioral, and Signaling Mechanisms

The neuropeptide oxytocin is produced in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition to its extensively studied influence on social behavior and reproductive function, central oxytocin signaling potently reduces food intake in both humans and animal models and has potential therapeutic use for obesity treatment. In this review, we highlight rodent model research that illuminates various neural, behavioral, and signaling mechanisms through which oxytocin’s anorexigenic effects occur. The research supports a framework through which oxytocin reduces food intake via amplification of within-meal physiological satiation signals rather than by altering between-meal interoceptive hunger and satiety states. We also emphasize the distributed neural sites of action for oxytocin’s effects on food intake and review evidence supporting the notion that central oxytocin is communicated throughout the brain, at least in part, through humoral-like volume transmission. Finally, we highlight mechanisms through which oxytocin interacts with various energy balance-associated neuropeptide and endocrine systems (e.g., agouti-related peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone, leptin), as well as the behavioral mechanisms through which oxytocin inhibits food intake, including effects on nutrient-specific ingestion, meal size control, food reward-motivated responses, and competing motivations.     

External cues challenging the internal appetite control system—Overview and practical implications

Inadequate regulation of food intake plays an important role in the development of overweight and obesity, and is under the influence of both the internal appetite control system and external environmental cues. Especially in environments where food is overly available, external cues seem to override and/or undermine internal signals, which put severe challenges on the accurate regulation of food intake. By structuring these external cues around five different phases in the food consumption process this paper aims to provide an overview of the wide range of external cues that potentially facilitate or hamper internal signals and with that influence food intake. For each of the five phases of the food consumption process, meal initiation, meal planning, consumption phase, end of eating episode and time till next meal, the most relevant internal signals are discussed and it is explained how specific external cues exert their influence.     

How Diet and Health Labels Influence Taste and Satiation

ABSTRACT: Research on how diet and health labels (including advertising) influence taste or satiation shows mixed findings that are study-specific and difficult to generalize. We offer a potential explanation to these inconsistencies. Results from a controlled cafeteria study suggest that health and diet labels might improve the perceived taste of less healthy, hedonic foods (such as desserts and possibly snack foods) without influencing the taste of more healthy utilitarian foods (such as entrées or possibly yogurt and soy foods). These findings have immediate implications for reinterpreting past research findings that may have gone unnoticed because they appeared inconsistent with conventional thinking.     

煤矸石烧结多孔砖新型墙体材料施工技术

对煤矸石烧结多孔砖的制作工艺及其优点进行了介绍,从材料验收、砂浆饱满度、砌体接槎、留置构造柱、砂浆强度等方面阐述了该新型墙体材料的施工技术措施,通过与传统粘土砖的比较,表明了其优越性及广阔的应用前景。     

Satiated with belongingness? Effects of acceptance, rejection, and task framing on self-regulatory performance.

Seven experiments showed that the effects of social acceptance and social exclusion on self-regulatory performance depend on the prospect of future acceptance. Excluded participants showed decrements in self-regulation, but these decrements were eliminated if the self-regulation task was ostensibly a diagnostic indicator of the ability to get along with others. No such improvement was found when the task was presented as diagnostic of good health. Accepted participants, in contrast, performed relatively poorly when the task was framed as a diagnostic indicator of interpersonally attractive traits. Furthermore, poor performance among accepted participants was not due to self-handicapping or overconfidence. Offering accepted participants a cash incentive for self-regulating eliminated the self-regulation deficits. These findings provide evidence that the need to belong fits standard motivational patterns: Thwarting the drive intensifies it, whereas satiating it leads to temporary reduction in drive. Accepted people are normally good at self-regulation but are unwilling to exert the effort to self-regulate if self-regulation means gaining the social acceptance they have already obtained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Semantic satiation and generation: Learning? Adaptation?

This review evaluates the reliability of the phenomena of semantic satiation and the applicability of 3 interpretations. Despite some evidence to the contrary, connotative satiation has been demonstrated in many experiments which involve continuous fast repetition of a word for about 15 sec. Generation, the opposite of satiation, appears more likely to occur when the stimuli are meaningless, when different words are interspersed during repetition, when the repetition period is short, and when the rate of repetition is slow. Associative satiation and its cognitive effects were found to be repeatedly demonstrated. The inhibition interpretation was found basically adequate in this respect and compatible with the learning interpretation. A new interpretation of connotative satiation in terms of the theory of adaptation level was proposed, which could account for a variety of connotative effects including some evidence contrary to connotative satiation and for connotative satiation itself. (36 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The present status of the Kohler-Wallach theory of satiation.

The purpose of this review is to bring together all of the research on satiation theory with particular emphasis on the apperception of the brain-damaged. Figural aftereffects are explained by the theory of satiation, however, "it does less well when it moves into the field of ambiguous and hidden figures, apparent motion, and autokinesis, and breaks down or leads to absurdities when used as a complete explanation of the perception of the brain-damaged." Several suggestions for further research using the theory of satiation are made. 106-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)