发酵香肠成熟过程中微生物及理化变化

接种植物乳杆菌香肠的乳酸茵在成熟过程中始终处于绝对优势茵状态，其pH、挥发性盐基氮值均明显低于自然发酵香肠；接种植物乳杆菌香肠中乳酸茵数、细菌总数、pH、挥发性盐基氮值在添加木瓜蛋白酶和不添加木瓜蛋白酶组之间均没有显著差异，发酵5d后水分活度值明显高于不添加木瓜蛋白酶香肠。     

Potential Chemical Markers for the Identification of Irradiated Sausages

Abstract: Hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and off‐odor volatiles were determined for irradiated (0 or 5 kGy) commercial sausages with different fat contents (16% and 29%) during a 60‐d storage period at 4 °C. Total of 4 hydrocarbons (C14:1, C15:0, C16:2, and C17:1) were detected only in irradiated sausages: the amount of C16:2 was the highest, followed by C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0. The concentrations of hydrocarbons decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage, but were still detectable at the end of 60‐d storage. Irradiated sausages produced significantly higher amounts of CO than the nonirradiated ones. CH₄ was detected only in irradiated sausages. Dimethyl disulfide was detected only in irradiated sausages and its concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage. Fat content of sausages showed a significant effect on the production and retention of hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and sulfur volatiles in irradiated sausages during storage. Some hydrocarbons (C16:2, C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0), CH₄, and dimethyl disulfide were only found in irradiated sausages indicating that these compounds can be used as potential markers for irradiated sausages.     

The effects of cereal additives in low-fat sausages and meatballs. Part 1: Untreated and enzyme-treated rye bran

Rye bran was added to frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs with the aim of producing low-fat products with increased dietary fibre content. The addition of untreated rye bran to sausages was detrimental, causing a substantial increase in frying loss (20% compared to 13.2%). The addition of rye bran treated with hydrolytic enzymes reduced the frying loss to 15.2–16.4%. The firmness was also improved by the treatments (12.8–14.2 N compared to 8.8 N). Enzymatic treatment of rye bran did not however improve the water-holding capacity or the texture of sausages compared to the rye bran that had only been soaked in water. The reason could be that enzymes degraded the solubilized fraction of the dietary fibre, leaving small fragments that cannot contribute to the water-holding capacity and the texture of the sausages. The benefits of treating rye bran in water were not seen in meatballs, probably due to the more particulate structure of meatballs, which is not as sensitive to additives.     

Influence of different smoke generation methods on the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in Frankfurter-type sausages

The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15 + 1 EU priority PAH) and phenolic substances (guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, syringol, eugenol, and trans-isoeugenol) in smoked Frankfurter-type sausages were investigated depending on the smoke generation method applied in a total of 63 smoking experiments. The smoke was generated by smouldering with different air supplies (smouldering smoke), by leading overheated steam through wood chips (steam smoke), by friction of a log (friction smoke), and by heating plates (touch smoke). The type of smoke generator had a noticeable influence on the contents of PAH and phenolic compounds. The highest mean content of PAH4 (2.6 μg/kg) was observed for sausages when intensive smouldering smoke was applied, the lowest (0.3 μg/kg) in friction-smoked sausages. The highest mean sum content of the five phenolic compounds was observed for sausages smoked with steam smoke (45 mg/kg) whereas the contents in friction- (15 mg/kg) and touch- (18 mg/kg) smoked products were relatively low.     

Impact of Debaryomyces hansenii strains inoculation on the quality of slow dry-cured fermented sausages

Debaryomyces hansenii strains, M4 and P2, isolated from natural fermented sausages were inoculated in slow fermented sausages to study their effect on processing parameters, microbial population, volatile compound and sensory characteristics. The inoculation of D. hansenii strains, M4 and P2, did not affect the ripening process as no differences in pH and Aw were detected. The dominance of the inoculated yeast strains along the process was followed by RAPDs of M13 minisatellite. The inoculated yeasts, P2 and M4, were recovered at the end of the ripening process although P2 appeared in higher counts than M4. The sausages inoculated with P2 resulted in a decrease in lipid oxidation values (TBARS) and a reduction of lipid-oxidation derived aldehydes in addition to a highest acid compound abundance. M4 inoculated sausages resulted in highest sulphur containing compound abundance. However, no differences in consumer acceptance were detected. Moreover, both yeast strains were responsible for the generation of ethyl methyl-branched ester compounds in the dry-cured sausages.     

Physicochemical Properties,Lipid Oxidation,and Fatty Acid Composition of Sausage Prepared with Meat of Young Nellore Bulls Fed a Diet with Lauric Acid

This study evaluates the quality of sausage obtained from the meat of Nellore cattle fed diets containing different levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 g per kg total DM) of lauric acid (C12:0) from palm kernel cake. A linear reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in lipid oxidation, as reflected by linear decreases in the lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), and saturation (C*) color parameters, is observed on days 7, 14, and 21 of maturation of sausage, and these decreases are accompanied by linear increases in the redness (a*) color and the linoleic (C18:2n–6) and linolenic (C18:3n–3) fatty acid contents. The inclusion of lauric acid in the diet induces linear reductions in the shear force and cooking loss and does not significantly affect various indices, including the centesimal composition, water activity, water holding capacity, composition of most fatty acids (FA), hypocholesterolemic‐to‐hypercholesterolemic FA ratio, atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, and desirable fatty acids. The use of dietary lauric acid from palm kernel cake is recommended at doses up to 15 g per kg because its presence reduces lipid oxidation and improves color parameters, softness, and linoleic and linolenic FA without affecting the FA composition of sausage from Nellore bull's meat. Practical applications : Sausages are products manufactured from chopped or ground meats packaged into animal casings. This product appeared in Brazil through the adaptation of traditional recipes brought by German and Italian immigrant families to weather conditions and the national palate. However, due to its production characteristics, sausage can become a product with lipid characteristics that are undesirable for human consumption. The inclusion of lauric acid (C12:0) in the animal diet might change the biohydrogenation process in the rumen, improve the quality of the deposited FA and reduce lipid oxidation in sausage manufactured from meat. The FA composition and physicochemical properties of sausage predict its acceptance by the consumer market. An optimal advantage would be achieved if these products can be used as not only preservatives but also functional ingredients with antioxidant properties and products for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases through atherogenic action.     

Chitosan effects on quality properties of Greek style fresh pork sausages

The effect of chitosan (0.5% and 1%) added individually or in combination with nitrites (150 ppm) on microbiological (Total Viable Counts, Lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds), physicochemical-chemical (pH, chemical composition, lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of fresh pork sausages stored at 4 °C for 28 days was investigated. Chitosan addition resulted in significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of microbial growth, while nitrites did not seem to protect sausages from microbial spoilage. A gradual reduction of nitrites was observed till the end of storage, when nitrites were almost depleted in all nitrite containing samples. The rate of lipid oxidation in fresh pork sausages was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by addition of increasing levels of chitosan, while samples containing both chitosan and nitrites showed the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) values, indicating a synergistic antioxidative effect. Consequently, the samples containing the combination of nitrites and chitosan at any level deteriorated less rapidly and were judged as more acceptable than all the other samples.     

微生物酶与肉组织酶对干发酵香肠中游离脂肪酸的影响

以戊糖乳杆菌31-1和木糖葡萄球菌为发酵剂生产干发酵香肠,就发酵剂对干发酵香肠成熟过程中游离脂肪酸的影响进行了研究。研究结果表明,在灌肠后的1周内,脂肪的水解主要是由组织酶引起的,微生物对脂肪微弱的水解能力主要表现在干发酵香肠成熟的后期,并且发酵剂不能改变发酵香肠中游离脂肪酸的变化模式。     

三种杂粮及其复合低温火腿肠营养成分分析及评价

分别检测了燕麦、苦荞麦、小米3种杂粮原料,以及所对应的杂粮复合低温火腿肠的营养成分,并对其进行了营养价值评价。结果表明:燕麦片、苦荞麦粉、小米3种杂粮原料的脂肪含量都较低,均在10%以下。燕麦片的蛋白质含量最高,达到13.4%,且所含钙、铁、锌均较高,分别为683、48.1、25.3mg/kg。苦荞麦粉硒元素的含量最高,达到0.12mg/kg。对杂粮原料进行了氨基酸营养评价,小米的E/N值为55.03%,最接近FAO/WHO标准模式。杂粮复合低温火腿肠中,蛋白质含量均高于GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》国家标准指标,淀粉含量均在10%以下。小米复合低温火腿肠中VB1、VB2含量相对较高,分别达到156.6μg/100g和12.8μg/100g。其他的功能性营养成分检测结果表明:苦荞麦复合低温火腿肠中特有的生物活性物质黄酮含量达到了2mg/kg,膳食纤维含量最高,达到了3.4%。对杂粮低温复合火腿肠进行了INQ值评价,3种复合低温火腿肠的钙、铁、锌、VB1的INQ值均高于1,其中小米复合低温火腿肠的INQ值总体最高。杂粮复合低温火腿肠理化及卫生指标结果表明,3种低温火腿肠的理化及卫生指标均符合GB/T 20712—2006《火腿肠》的相关规定,表明产品卫生安全指标合格。     

常用防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌抑菌作用的研究

目的:测定常用食品防腐剂对西式火腿主要腐败菌的抑制作用。方法:采用微量稀释法测定不同防腐剂对木糖葡萄球菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和雷氏普罗威登菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:对于木糖葡萄球菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是Nisin和ε-聚赖氨酸,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于地衣芽孢杆菌(G+),抑菌效果最好的是D-异抗坏血酸钠、丙酸钙、柠檬酸和柠檬醛,MIC均为12.5μg/mL;对于雷氏普罗威登菌(G-),抑菌效果最好的是过氧化氢和柠檬酸,MIC均为25μg/mL。结论:不同防腐剂对西式火腿肠主要腐败菌的抑制效果有所差异,应复配使用。