A study on cashew nut oil composition

Eight samples of cashew nut oil were assayed, and the component triacylglycerols, fatty acids and several unsaponifiable compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total lipid amount, unsaponifiable percentage, fatty acids, sterols, triterpene alcohols and tocopherols are reported here. The combination of GC and HPLC enhanced the resolution of compound classes.     

Variations in the composition of sterols,tocopherols and lignans in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil contents and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The oils from wild seeds were characterized by higher percentages of unsaponifiables (4.9, 2.6 and 3.7%, respectively) compared toS. indicum (1.4–1.8%), mainly due to their high contents of lignans. Total sterols accounted forca. 40, 22, 20 and 16% of the unsaponifiables of the four species, respectively. The four species were different in the relative percentages of the three sterol fractions (the desmethyl, monomethyl and dimethyl sterols) and in the percentage composition of each fraction. Campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and Δ⁵-avenasterol were the major desmethyl sterols, whereas obtusifoliol, gramisterol, cycloeucalenol and citrostandienol were the major monomethyl sterols, and α-amyrin, β-amyrin, cycloartenol and 24-methylene cycloartanol were the main dimethyl sterols in all species. Differences were also observed among the four species in sterol patterns of the free sterols compared to the sterol esters.Sesamum alatum contained less tocopherols (210–320 mg/kg oil), andS. radiatum andS. angustifolium contained more tocopherols (ca. 750 and 800 mg/kg oil, respectively) than didS. indicum (490–680 mg/kg oil). The four species were comparable in tocopherol composition, with γ-tocopherol representing 96–99% of the total tocopherols. The four species varied widely in the identity and levels of the different lignans. The percentages of these lignans in the oils ofS. indicum were sesamin (0.55%) and sesamolin (0.50%).Sesamum alatum showed 1.37% of 2-episesalatin and minor amounts of sesamin and sesamolin (0.01% each).Sesamum radiatum was rich in sesamin (2.40%) and contained minor amounts of sesamolin (0.02%), whereS. angustifolium was rich in sesangolin (3.15%) and also contained considerable amounts of sesamin (0.32%) and sesamolin (0.16%).     

Characterization of sterols in refined borage oil by GC-MS

Borage oil sterols were isolated by TLC and characterized using GC and GC-MS. Several diunsaturated Δ⁵-sterols, some of them not previously recorded in vegetable oils, were found. Of these, 24-methylcholesta-5,23-dienol and 24-ethylcholesta-5,23-dienol could be useful markers for borage oil. Two other diunsaturated Δ⁵-sterols that are rarely found in vegetable oils, 24-methylcholesta-5,24(25)-dienol and 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(25)-dienol, were identified. The diunsaturated C-24(28)-sterol, isofucosterol, was also found, as well as the monounsaturated Δ⁵-sterols campesterol and sitosterol. These are normally present in vegetable oils, which makes them unsuitable as markers for borage oil.     

Identification of chemical oviposition stimulants from rice grain forSitophilus zeamais motschulsky (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

Chemical components stimulating oviposition bySitophilus zeamais in rice grain were isolated from rice bran and were found to be a mixture of ferulates, diglycerides, and free sterols. Oviposition preference of the species can be induced by synergistic action of these compounds.     

褐煤树脂醇类化学组成与分布特征

对云南潦浒及寻甸褐煤树脂中醇类化学成分进行了GC-MS研究，探索褐煤树脂醇类作为药用资源的可能性．实验结果表明，树脂醇由正构烷醇、正构酮(甲基酮)、甾醇类、五环三萜醇及五环三萜酮所组成．褐煤树脂醇中均存在24-甲基-5β(H)-胆甾烷-3β-醇(C28H50O，MW．402)，24-乙基胆甾-5，22-二烯-3β-醇(C29H48O，MW．412)，24-乙基-5α(H)-胆甾烷-3β-醇(C29H52O，MW．416)，23，24-二甲基胆甾-5-烯一3β-醇(C29H50O，MW．414)，C29-5β(H)，3β(OH)-甾醇(C29H52O，MW．416)，24-异丙基胆甾-5，24(28)E-二烯-3β-醇(C30H50O，MW．426)等甾类物质．化学组成表明褐煤树脂作为药用资源是可能的．     

Fatty acids,sterols, and tocopherols composition in seed oil extracts from four moroccan ecotypes of Ceratonia siliqua L.

Morphological characterization was investigated by agro-morphological criteria related to carob seed size in four different moroccan regions collected in 2018 and 2019. There was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) on the seeds lengths and widths. However, a significant difference between seeds thickness and total seeds weight per pod (p ≤ 0.05) were observed between these four populations. The fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol, hydrocarbon, and the unoxygenated composition of carob seed extracts (Ceratonia siliqua L.) were studied. The mean fat yield of the seeds obtained is 1.53%–2.17%, 2.14%–2.15%, 1.61%–1.62%, 1.71%–1.75% for, respectively, the P1 (Meknes), P2 (Fez), P3 (Khemisset), and P4 (Marrakech) in 2018 and 2019. The seed oil was extracted with hexane and the analysis of the fatty fraction was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results show that the major fatty acids for 2018 and 2019 are linoleic acid (61.48%–61.52%, 52.12%–52.14%, 57.76%–58.15%, 61.33%–61.52%), palmitic acid (15.78%–15.81%, 16.44%–16.45%, 19.11%–18.37%, 20.24%–20.32%), oleic acid (11.03%–11.04%, 8.72%–8.82%, 8.51%–8.61%, 8.41%–8.53%), stearic acid (4.35%–3.14%, 5.40%–5.43%, 3.12%–3.13%, 0.96%–1.56%), and cerotic acid (0.62%–0.53%, 4.51%–4.52%, 4.03%–4.06%, 3.84%–3.87%). The unsaturated fatty acids (69.39% in 2018 and 69.68% in 2019) are the most dominant in the four seed extracts compared to the saturated fatty acids. In addition, the oil carob seeds analysis revealed the presence of γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol and four sterols that included campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol. Moreover, the determination of hydrocarbon and un-oxygenated compounds confirmed the existence of major compounds such as heptadecane, 2-methyltriacontane, 1-iodo hexadecane and 1-iodo octadecane. The hierarchical analysis based on the morphological and chromatographic characterization of the seeds allowed the identification of three groups. Consequently, the first group consisted of populations from Marrakesh (P4) and Khemisset (P3), the second group consisted of the P1 from Meknes, and the P2 from Fez constituted the third group.     

酶法快速测定植物油中游离甾醇

目的 基于甾醇在胆固醇氧化酶的作用下与显色剂产生显色反应,建立了固相萃取结合酶法测定植物油中游离甾醇含量的快速检测方法。方法 采用固相萃取（Solid Phase Extraction, SPE）结合酶法40 min内实现对植物油中的游离甾醇含量测定,并应用于植物油中游离甾醇含量的测定。结果 方法学验证的结果显示,植物甾醇含量在浓度范围0.3~7.5 mg/mL之间线性良好,检出限为0.018 mg/g,日内精密度为7.94%,日间精密度为6.88%,回收率在84.75%~99.50% 之间,实际样品的检测结果显示,酶法与气相色谱-串联质谱法（gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS）的相对误差在±20%以内,且酶法的检测效率比GC-MS法提高3倍。常见的几种植物油中,游离甾醇含量较高的是玉米油和菜籽油,分别为1.53~3.66 mg/g和1.98~3.02mg/g。结论 本研究建立的SPE结合酶法检测植物油中游离甾醇的快速检测方法稳定性、重现性好、灵敏可靠,可满足植物油中游离甾醇的现场批量快速检测。     

Associations between Oil Yield and Profile of Fatty Acids,Sterols, Squalene,Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Seed Oil of Selected Japanese Quince Genotypes during Fruit Development

Tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and squalene are present in mature seeds of Japanese quince. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these compounds and oil yield during fruit and seed development. The profile change of lipophilic compounds during fruit and seed development in Japanese quince cultivars “Darius,” “Rondo,” and “Rasa” is investigated. It is shown here that during fruit and seed development, there is a significant reduction, three‐ to over tenfold, in the concentration of minor bioactive compounds in seed oil. It is recorded that delay between synthesis of tocopherols and oil in Japanese quince seeds during the fruit development results in a logarithmic relationship between the oil content and tocopherols concentration in the seed oil (R² = 0.980). Similar trends are observed between oil yield and phytosterols, and carotenoids (R² = 0.927 and R² = 0.959, respectively). The profile of fatty acids during the development of the seeds significantly is changed. The reduction of linoleic, palmitic, and gondoic acids levels and increment of oleic acid is noted. The oil content, profile of fatty acids, and concentration of bioactive compounds in all three genotypes of Japanese quince do not change significantly statistically during the last month of fruit development. Practical Applications: Some fruits are harvested at different degrees of maturity mainly due to a logistic issue and uneven ripening of fruits, which affects the chemical composition of whole fruit including seeds. Therefore, it would be good to know how the chemical composition is changing in plant material during development especially in the last month before harvest. Production of Japanese quince continues to rise year to year and with it the volume of generated by‐products such as seeds. This study demonstrates how it changes the oil content, profile of fatty acid, and concentration of tocopherols, squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids in the seeds and seed oil of three Japanese quince cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa” during plant development. The provided information can be very useful for the manufactories oriented on the processing of by‐products, mainly seeds, generated by other branches of industry, for instance, fruit‐processing.