表面活性素的国内外研究进展

表面活性素（surfactin）是一种主要由芽孢杆菌属次级代谢产生的脂肽型生物表面活性剂,与化学表面活性剂相比,具有抗粘连、抗生物膜剂、抗菌消炎、抗支原体、抗病毒等优势,在生物制药、环境修复、油田开采、化妆品及日用品等领域有广泛的应用前景,但生产表面活性素的生物技术合成和回收成本过高在一定程度上限制了其商业价值。该文针对表面活性素的生物合成,传统和改进的定量分析,传统和新颖的分离纯化以及应用展开了叙述,并对表面活性素未来的发展进行展望。     

A Mutant of Bacillus Subtilis with High-Producing Surfactin by Ion Beam Implantation

In order to generate a mutant of Bacillus subtilis with enhanced surface activity through low energy nitrogen ion beam implantation, the effects of energy and dose of ions implanted were studied. The morphological changes in the bacteria were observed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The optimum condition of ions implantation, 20 keV of energy and 2.6 × 10^15N^＋/cm^2 in dose, was determined. A mutant, B.s-E-8 was obtained, whose surface activity of 50-fold and 100-fold diluted cell-free Landy medium was as 5.6-fold and 17.4-fold as the wild strain. The microbial growth and biosurfactant production of both the mutant and the wild strain were compared. After purified by ultrafiltration and SOURCE 15PHE, the biosurfactant was determined to be a complex of surfactin family through analysis of electrospray ionization mass spectrum （ESI/MS） and there was an interesting finding that after the ion beam implantation the intensities of the components were different from the wild type strain.     

Lipopeptides in cosmetics

Lipopeptides are biosurfactants extensively used in cosmetics. The consumption of cosmetics containing lipopeptides is increasing as a result of the exceptional surface properties and diverse biological activities of lipopeptides which facilitate a vast number of applications not only in the pharmaceutics industry which includes cosmetics but also in the food industry. Cosmetics containing lipopeptides are available in various dosage forms according to their beneficial surface properties, which include anti-wrinkle and moisturizing activities and cleansing cosmetics. The microbial production of lipopeptides particularly those with biological and surface activities applicable to cosmetics are summarized based on appropriate studies and patents up to the year 2008 to manage the information and sufficiently review the data.     

Surfactin生物表面活性剂及其驱油研究进展

表面活性素（surfactin）是一类由革兰氏阳性的枯草芽孢杆菌产生的脂肽（lipopeptide）型生物表面活性剂,因其具有优于化学合成表面活性剂的若干优点,如低毒性、高生物降解性、更好的环境相容性,且在极端环境下稳定性好,在提高石油采收率方面有较好的应用潜力,但是目前只有少数的生物表面活性剂可以大规模生产实现工业化应用。本文介绍了surfactin生物表面活性剂的化学结构和生物合成机制,并对其发酵生产过程的影响因素进行分析,为提高其生产经济性探索不同的策略,例如使用更便宜的原材料、优化培养基组分、优化反应器等,系统论述了surfactin生物表面活性剂的驱油机理和其与化学合成表面活性剂的复配研究,同时针对其应用时的不足之处提出研究新思路。     

Biosurfactants: Recent advances

Surfactants find applications in a wide variety of industrial processes. Biomolecules that are amphiphilic and partition preferentially at interfaces are classified as biosurfactants. In terms of surface activity, heat and pH stability, many biosurfactants are comparable to synthetic surfactants. Therefore, as the environmental compatibility is becoming an increasingly important factor in selecting industrial chemicals, the commercialization of biosurfactant is gaining much attention. In this paper, the general properties and functions of biosurfactants are introduced. Strategies for development of biosurfactant assay, enhanced biosurfactant production, large scale fermentation, and product recovery are discussed. Also discussed are recent advances in the genetic engineering of biosurfactant production. The potential applications of biosurfactants in industrial processes and bioremediation are presented. Finally, comments on the application of enzymes for the production of surfactants are also made.     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂Surfactin的乳化性

采用白金板法对Surfactin的表面活性进行研究,并用浊度法和离心法对其乳化性进行研究。结果表明：Surfactin的临界胶束浓度为9.03×10－5 mol/L,可将水的表面张力由73.98 mN/m降至最低27.48 mN/m。在浓度为1×10－3～1.2×10－2 mol/L的NaCl溶液中,Surfactin溶液的表面张力随盐浓度升高逐渐降低并最终稳定在34 mN/m;Surfactin在121 ℃处理20 min后,其表面张力仍能保持在37.10 mN/m;在pH值为2～12范围内,其表面活性稳定并良好;表明Surfactin具有较强的NaCl浓度、温度、pH值的耐受性。浊度法测得Surfactin亲水亲油平衡（hydrophilelipophilic balance,HLB）值为14,对所需HLB值为12～16的油相乳化性能良好。     

脂肽生物表面活性剂在微生物采油中的应用

对从大庆油田分离到的一株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)ZW-3代谢的脂肽生物表面活性剂的理化性质(CMC值、乳化活性、对温度、矿化度的稳定性、降低油水界面张力能力)进行了测定,同时进行了物理模拟实验。研究结果表明,该脂肽表面活性剂具有优良的乳化和降低油水界面张力的能力,并可以适应油藏中复杂的环境,可提高采收率9.2%。在微生物采油中具有较好的应用前景。     

Synthesis of enhanced biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2423 at 45°C by foam fractionation

Production of a lipopeptide surfactant in a 6.5-L batch fermentor was carried out using Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2423 at 45°C. A good yield was obtained from sucrose (2%) substrate fermentation by continuous removal of the product by foam fractionation. The biosurfactant was recovered from collapsed foam by acid precipitation. The biosurfactant yield (4.5 g/L) was about 4.5 times higher than the yield (ca. 1 g/L) obtained by shake-flask fermentation. Surface activity of the collapsed foam was very high, and total surface activity was observed in the collapsed foam. The structural characterization of this biosurfactant produced at 45°C by the strain used in this study was recently reported. The biosurfactant was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, infrared, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy and was found to be identical to surfactin, a lipopeptide surfactant.     

枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC2233产生表面活性素的研究

薄层导一性分析结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌ＡＴＣＣ２２３３能够产生Ｓｕｒｆａｃｔｉｎ,生长曲线表明菌体生长和产Ｓｕｒｆａｃｔｉｎ的过程不同步。透明圈测定结果表明产Ｓｕｒｆａｃｔｉｎ的最适温度为３７℃,最适ｐＨ为７．０。Ｓｕｒｆａｃｔｉｎ能够显著降低水－空气之间的表面张力,且具有对热稳定的特性。     

锐孔凝固浴法制备表面活性肽微胶囊

采用锐孔凝固浴法制备表面活性肽微胶囊,并以海藻酸钠为壁材,氯化钙溶液作为固化液。在单因素的基础上,以包埋率作为评价指标,通过响应面实验对微胶囊制备过程中的氯化钙浓度、芯壁比、海藻酸钠浓度、操作温度四个因素进行优化。结果表明:氯化钙浓度为2%,操作温度为49℃,海藻酸钠与表面活性肽比例为1∶2,海藻酸钠浓度为2.4%时,包埋率达到了87.6%,载药量为12.5%。通过肠液缓释实验发现,微胶囊在9h内的释放率达到了91.7%,具有很好的缓释效果。