Tributyrin supplementation in pasteurized waste milk: Effects on growth performance,health, and blood parameters of dairy calves

This study evaluated the effects of incremental tributyrin supplementation in pasteurized waste milk on growth performance, health, and blood metabolism of dairy calves before and after weaning. Forty-eight newborn female Holstein dairy calves (39.6 ± 2.75 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were blocked by age and randomly assigned to 3 treatments: pasteurized waste milk (1) without supplementation, (2) with 1 g/L of tributyrin products (unprotected solid powder; containing 35% tributyrin), or (3) with 2 g/L of tributyrin products. The calves were weaned on d 56 and were raised until d 77. Data were analyzed for the preweaning, postweaning, and overall periods. The results showed that starter intake and hay intake were not different among treatments in any period of the trial, but the crude protein intake tended to increase linearly with tributyrin supplementation during the overall period. Although tributyrin supplementation had no effects on body weight during preweaning and overall periods, body weight increased linearly with tributyrin supplementation postweaning. The average daily gain tended to increase linearly during postweaning and overall periods. No effects were observed on feed efficiency in any period. A positive linear relationship between body length and tributyrin supplementation was observed during the postweaning period, but no differences were found for the other body structural measurements in any period. The results of diarrhea showed that tributyrin concentration had a negative linear relationship with diarrhea frequency during preweaning and overall periods. The rectal temperature did not differ among treatments in any period, but a treatment × week effect for rectal body temperature was observed. For blood metabolism, tributyrin supplementation had no effects on insulin, growth hormone, total protein, albumin, or globulin. No differences were found in serum amyloid A concentration in any of the periods, yet haptoglobin concentration decreased linearly with increasing tributyrin concentration during postweaning and overall periods. Endothelin concentration showed a tendency to decrease linearly during preweaning and postweaning periods and decreased linearly with tributyrin supplementation during the overall period. An increasing tributyrin concentration was associated with a negative linear relationship with IL-1β concentration during the preweaning period, and no differences were found in the other periods. The concentration of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α were not different among treatments in any of the periods. These data suggest that increasing the concentration of tributyrin in pasteurized waste milk could increase growth performance and health of dairy calves, and incremental tributyrin supplementation could linearly reduce haptoglobin, endothelin, and IL-1β concentrations, indicating a positive effect of tributyrin on alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory status of dairy calves. Calves fed pasteurized waste milk supplemented with tributyrin products (containing 35% tributyrin) at 2 g/L compared with 1 g/L of milk had more improved growth and health.     

Composition and activity of commercial triacylglycerol acylhydrolase preparations

Commercial lipase preparations were surveyed to determine gross composition, amounts of nonprotein impurities, and esterolytic and lipolytic activities. Most of the 34 commercial lipase preparations contained more than 80% non-proteinaceous material, with salt and carbohydrate being the most abundant materials. The tributyrin hydrolase activity of these commercial lipase preparations was determined and expressed as lipase/esterase forestomach units (LFU). Tributyrin hydrolase activity ranged from negligible (5.3 LFU/g) to very high (>1000,000 LFU/g). Aspergillus and Penicillium preparations were low in tributyrin hydrolase activity. Candida rugosa preparations were intermediate in activity. Preparations of porcine pancreas, Rhizomucor, Pseudomonas, and Rhizopus lipases exhibited a broad range of levels of activity. No relation between protein content and tributyrin hydrolase activity was observed. Isoelectric focusing of the proteins present in the preparations demonstrated the presence of between 2 and 27 isophoretically discrete bands in the isoelectric range of 3 to 9. Although there were many similarities of distribution of protein isoelectric points within genera and spcies, the preparations generally displayed unique patterns of isophoretically discrete protein bands. Lipase zymography demonstrated the presence of 0 to 7 isophoretically discrete lipase activities in each preparation, spanning the entire range of isoelectric points surveyed.     

Carica papaya latex-catalyzed synthesis of structured triacylglycerols

One impediment to the industrial use of enzymes in fat and oil transformations is the higher cost often associated with an enzymatic process compared with the corresponding chemical process. Processes that utilize plant enzymes, however, may have advantages because of their lower cost and ready availability. One example of such a plant-derived enzyme is Carica papaya latex (CPL), the principal source of the protease papain. Recently, it has been shown that this latex also catalyzes the lipolysis of triacylglycerols and that this latex lipase has a selectivity for short-chain acyl groups as well as a 1,3-glycerol selectivity. These selectivities can be used in the synthesis of structured triacylglycerols. In this paper we describe the utility of CPL in lipase-catalyzed reactions, specifically the synthesis of low-calorie triacylglycerol analogs. Presented in part at the American Oil Chemists’ Society’s 88th Annual Meeting & Expo, Seattle, WA, May 1997.     

酶法制备的环糊精-三丁酸甘油酯包合物对小鼠生长性能、抗氧化功能和肠道健康的影响

为了明确酶法制备的环糊精-三丁酸甘油酯包合物(ECT)在动物体内的生物效能,为其在动物饲料中的应用提供理论指导,将36只3周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组,分别为对照组、三丁酸甘油酯组、酶法环糊精组、麦芽糊精-三丁酸甘油酯复合物组、硅基三丁酸甘油酯组、ECT组,饲养5周后测定小鼠体质量、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化指标、小肠绒毛高度及隐窝深度、结肠长度、结肠组织学损伤评分、结肠杯状细胞数量以及粪便中短链脂肪酸含量,探究ECT对小鼠生长性能、抗氧化功能和肠道健康的影响。结果表明：与对照组相比,ECT组日均增重增加88.37%,料重比降低45.01%,血清中三酰甘油含量降低38.88%,总抗氧化活力提高36.45%,结肠组织学损伤评分降低,结肠组织中杯状细胞数量增加23.44%,粪便中总短链脂肪酸和丁酸含量分别增加64%和196%。综上,ECT能够提高小鼠的生长性能和饲料利用率,提高肝脏抗氧化能力,还能够促进小肠发育,提高肠道中丁酸等短链脂肪酸含量,预防结肠炎症,有益于肠道健康,具备作为营养型饲料添加剂的应用潜力。     

Optimising the ratio of long- to short-chain triglycerides of the lipid phase to enhance physical stability and bioaccessibility of lycopene-loaded beverage emulsions

Oil-in-water beverage emulsions (pH3.2) with different long- to short-chain triglyceride (LCT to SCT) ratios were used to encapsulate lycopene. Beverages containing 3% w/w oil from carrier lipids were prepared as follows (w/w): 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (corn oil:tributyrin). The beverages prepared using a low LCT to SCT ratio (0:100) were physically unstable mainly due to Ostwald ripening phenomena, as indicated by confocal laser microscopy. The oil droplet size was significantly reduced for emulsions formulated with corn oil (2.6 μm) compared with tributyrin (5.4 μm). Lycopene was not bioaccessible in beverages formulated with tributyrin only and bioaccessibility increased significantly with increasing the LCT to SCT ratio. Data indicated that bioaccessibility for lycopene is 2.7% for emulsions with high LCT ratios (>75). Results indicate that the carrier lipid phase of emulsion-based systems is critical for the formulation of functional drinks for the delivery of lipophilic bioactive compounds.     

In Vitro Digestion and Fermentation of Microencapsulated Tributyrin for the Delivery of Butyrate

Butyrate possesses negative sensory qualities and is most effectively utilized in the intestine to provide energy to the colonocyte for the maintenance of intestinal health. Butyrate has also shown promise in the treatment of intestinal disorders and diseases such as short bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. To modify sensory properties, intestinal release, and butyrate production capabilities, tributyrin (TB) was microencapsulated in whey protein isolate (WPI)‐based and gamma‐cyclodextrin (GC)‐based materials. Using an in vitro digestion and fermentation model, microcapsules containing TB were monitored for their release and production of butyrate in vitro. All samples containing TB showed limited butyrate release (<5%) during oral and gastric stages. In the small intestinal phase, all microcapsules containing TB released approximately 75% of their total butyrate with no significant differences (P > 0.05) across formulations. During the fermentation phase, GC‐based microcapsules produced significantly more butyrate (P < 0.001) on a molar basis than all WPI‐based microcapsules. Butyrate production increased significantly (P < 0.001) over each time interval with GC‐based microcapsules having the highest during the 12 h of fermentation. The GC‐based TB encapsulation systems were able to effectively deliver butyrate to the small intestine and generate butyrate in the large intestine. These microcapsules may, therefore, be beneficial for the maintenance of intestinal health and improvement of disease states across all areas of the gastrointestinal tract.     

Purification of a lipase from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps linnaeus) and its characteristics and properties

Lipase has been purified from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) by defatting, water extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE Sephadex and Sephadex G-100. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The enzyme showed a molecular weight of 54000±57000 with 6.1% of carbohydrate. The pH and temperature optima of purified sardine lipase were 8 and 37°C respectively. Sardine lipase remained stable up to 45°C (15 min) and in the pH range 5 to 9.5. The K_m values obtained for the substrates tributyrin and triacetin were 4 × 10^?2 and 30 × 10^?2, respectively. The effect of halogens and various metal ions on sardine lipase activity, substrate specificity, amino acid and carbohydrate composition are also reported.     

Density and viscosity of low-molecular weight triglycerides and their mixtures

The viscosities of tributyrin (C4∶0) and binary mixtures of this triglyceride with a diesel fuel, tricaproin (C6∶0), and tricaprylin (C8∶0) were determined for the temperature range −5 to 85°C and for shear rates of 1.62–64.7 s⁻¹. The resulting dynamic viscosities were fit to a power law model to obtain values for the consistency coefficient and the flow behavior index. These results indicated slightly pseudoplastic flow behavior (indices ranged from 0.94 to 0.99) for tributyrin and its mixtures. The calculated consistency coefficients for tributyrin and those previously obtained for tricaproin, tricaprylin and tricaprin were fit by a least-squares method to the three-parameter Vogel model to account for the effect of temperature. An ideal solution relationship and the Kendall-Monroe model were used to predict the density and consistency coefficients, respectively, for binary and quaternary mixtures of these low-molecular weight triglycerides.     

Thermoactivity and effects of organic solvents on digestive lipase from hepatopancreas of the green crab

Unlike classical digestive lipases, the crab digestive lipase (CDL) displayed its maximal activity at a high temperature. The CDL activity’s optimal temperature, when using emulsified or monomolecular film as substrate, was 60 °C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an animal digestive lipase having such an optimal temperature. The maximum activity of CDL appeared at pH 8. Lipase activity was compatible with the presence of organic solvents, except for butanol. Furthermore, the hydrolysis was found to be specifically dependent on the presence of Ca²⁺ ions, since no significant CDL activity was detected in the presence of ion chelators such as EDTA. Nevertheless, the CDL does not require Ca²⁺ to trigger the hydrolysis of tributyrin emulsion. Interestingly, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions acted as strong inhibitors of CDL activity when using tributyrin as substrate. Lipase stability in the presence of organic solvents, as well as at high temperatures, makes it a good candidate for application in non-aqueous catalysis.