Survival of biogenic amine‐producing dairy LAB strains at pasteurisation conditions

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight organic bases with biological activity, synthesised by the microbial decarboxylation of precursor amino acids such as histidine, tyrosine or arginine. The consumption of food and beverages containing large amounts of BA can have toxicological effects. This paper reports the resistance of aminogenic lactic acid bacteria strains to pasteurisation (63 °C for 30 min). Skimmed milk inoculated with histamine‐ and tyramine‐producing strains of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus was subjected to pasteurisation. The viable number of Enterococcus durans IPLA 655 was reduced by 1 log, while that of Enterococcus faecalis BA64 was reduced by 3 logs. Lactobacillus brevis CECT 3810 did not survive pasteurisation, while the other Lactobacillus strains examined were more resistant; their viable numbers were reduced by about 2 logs. The two most resistant strains, E. durans IPLA 655 and Lactobacillus curvatus VI6, were subjected to higher temperatures. Enterococcus durans was completely inactivated at 78 °C, while some live cells of Lb. curvatus were observed. These results show that some native, metabolically active BA producers could be found in pasteurised milk owing to their resistance to the thermal treatment; their presence could have a negative impact on the final content of BAs in dairy products made from such milk.     

Screening selected strains of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for their ability to produce biogenic amines (histamine and tyramine)

The aim of this study was to investigate the production of biogenic amines (BA), histamine and tyramine by some probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fifteen strains representing six LAB species were screened qualitatively by growing them in a decarboxylase medium. Quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC analysis with direct derivatization of acid extracts. Lactobacillus casei (TISTR 389) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (TISTR 895) were found to produce BA. The highest levels of histamine (1820.9 ± 3.5 mg L^?1) and tyramine (5486.99 ± 47.6 mg L^?1) formation were observed for the TISTR 389 strain, while TISTR 895 produced only histamine (459.1 ± 0.63 mg L^?1) in the decarboxylase broth. Biogenic amine potential was not observed for the Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and Lactobacillus plantarum strains studied. This study confirmed that BA formation is strain dependent and not related to the species. Therefore, careful screening for amino acid decarboxylase activity is recommended before selecting LAB as appropriate starter or probiotic strains in food and dairy industry.     

Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging with Various Carbon Dioxide Composition on Biogenic Amines Formation in Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) stored at 5 ± 1°C

The profile of major biogenic amines was investigated in Indian mackerel packed in modified atmosphere for up to 12 days at 5 ± 1°C. Beheaded and gutted Indian mackerel was packed under different carbon dioxide compositions to study the effects on biogenic amines formation. The treatments were control air (C), vacuum packaging (VP), 30% CO₂/65% N₂/5% O₂ (M30C), 60% CO₂/35% N₂/5% O₂ (M60C), 80% CO₂/15% N₂/5% O₂ (M80C) and 100% CO₂ (M100C). Each amine responded differently to different CO₂ levels. After 12 days of storage, concentrations of histamine were reduced by 6.4%, 8.5%, 70.3%, 78.8% and 90.2% in fish packed under VP, M30C, M60C, M80C and M100C, respectively as compared with control air. Changes in putrescine and cadaverine showed a similar pattern. Gas mix of M30C and VP stimulated the formation of tyramine reaching 203 and 172 ppm, respectively. Higher composition of CO₂ had a significant inhibitory effect on tyramine concentration (p < 0.05). There were parallel increases of putrescine and spermidine in C, VP and M30C. No significant effect of CO₂ was observed on spermine (p > 0.05). After 9 days of storage, more than 300 ppm of histamine was detected in mackerel packed in VP and M30C; therefore, these atmospheres pose a histamine intoxication risk. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阿魏酸对粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌产酪胺机制的影响

摘 要：研究阿魏酸对高产酪胺的粪肠球菌XL-M66和屎肠球菌XL-M76生长、基因表达以及产酪胺的影响。利用反转录实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术分析2 株菌在阿魏酸作用下的酪氨酸脱羧途径相关基因表达情况,并使用高效液相色谱法检测2 株肠球菌培养48 h期间酪胺积累量。结果表明：未添加酪氨酸底物时,阿魏酸对酪氨酸脱羧酶（tyrosine decarboxylase,tyrDC）和酪氨酸/酪胺透性酶（tyrosine/tyramine permease,tyrP）基因的转录影响不大（P＞0.05）,但能促进酪氨酰-tRNA合成酶（tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase,tyrS）基因的转录（P＜0.05）。反之存在酪氨酸时,阿魏酸对tyrS基因表达的影响不大（P＞0.05）,却能显著抑制tyrDC和tyrP基因的表达（P＜0.05）。同时,阿魏酸能显著抑制粪肠球菌XL-M66和屎肠球菌XL-M76的生长（P＜0.05）,最终使得酪胺产量分别降低27.0%和19.9%。     

雪菊精油对希氏肠球菌产酪胺及相关基因表达的影响

探讨不同质量浓度雪菊精油对希氏肠球菌(Enterococcus hirae)N47产酪胺的影响机制.利用反转录实时定量聚合酶链式反应分析E.hirae在雪菊精油作用下酪氨酸脱羧途径相关基因的表达情况;利用高效液相色谱法检测不同质量浓度雪菊精油对E.hirae产酪胺的影响.并将E.hirae接入到含不同质量浓度雪菊精油的...     

环境因素对屎肠球菌产酪胺的影响

酪胺是发酵食品中广泛存在的、毒性较强的一种生物胺。屎肠球菌作为发酵剂或污染菌广泛存在于发酵食品中,大多数具有产生酪胺的能力,成为发酵食品的潜在安全隐患。该研究以一株黄酒酒曲中分离的产酪胺屎肠球菌为对象,选取葡萄糖、酪氨酸、温度、pH值和酒精含量5个因素,研究这些因素对该菌生长和酪胺合成的影响。结果表明,葡萄糖或酪氨酸添加量对菌体的生长影响不大,温度、环境pH值和酒精含量对菌体生长的影响较显著。酪氨酸对菌体产酪胺促进作用明显,温度＜20 ℃,环境pH值＞5,酒精含量＞10%vol时都会减少酪胺的产生。     

干酪中的生物胺

介绍了生物胺的定义、干酪中生物胺的生物合成机制、不同干酪中的生物胺种类以及影响干酪中生物胺形成的因素，如微生物种类、游离氨基酸、温度、pH值、盐等；干酪中生物胺形成的控制措施和生物胺的分析方法也作了简单介绍。     

A Review of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Beer

The presence of biogenic amines and polyamines in foods and alcoholic beverages is important from both toxicological and technological points of view. High amounts of these compounds can lead to health problems and accurate methods of determination, as well as knowledge on where the compounds originate and how they can be controlled at the lowest levels, are important in the food and beverage industry. In brewing, the types of amines are dependent on the raw materials in the beverage, as well as the method of brewing, and any microbial contamination that may have occurred during the brewing process or during storage. Studies looking at biogenic amine and polyamine levels in various beers have been carried out by a number of researchers in Europe, Brazil, Canada and Cuba. This paper reviews the work from studies carried out previously and summarizes the values found by the various research groups. Methods of analysis for the amines including HPLC, HPTLC and enzyme immunoassays are reviewed.     

我国市售不同类型及品牌腐乳中生物胺含量的分析与比较

为了揭示我国商业腐乳中生物胺存在形式和水平,采用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生结合高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对我国市售的20个品牌白方腐乳和20个品牌红方腐乳中的生物胺含量进行了分析。结果表明,我国市售的腐乳中存在的主要生物胺为酪胺、组胺、腐胺、色胺、β-苯乙胺和尸胺,其平均含量分别为73.7 mg/kg、43.7 mg/kg、38.5 mg/kg、27.7 mg/kg、5.4 mg/kg和5.4 mg/kg;每种生物胺在白方腐乳中的含量均显著高于红方腐乳（P＜0.05）,前者的酪胺、组胺、腐胺、色胺、β-苯乙胺和尸胺的平均含量分别为后者的1.6、1.9、3.4、3.3、2.3和3.0倍;且每种生物胺的水平在同一类型不同品牌腐乳之间均呈现高度差异化。