Induced lactic acid fermentation of untreated green olives of the Conservolea cultivar by Lactobacillus pentosus

Inoculation of untreated green olives of the Conservolea cultivar (Olea europea media rotunda) with a commercial strain of Lactobacillus pentosus with/without glucose supplement was studied. Despite an initial loss in viability of 0.5 log cycles on average, due to lack of adaptation of the starter to the saline environment of the brine, cultures grew well and initiated an accelerated fermentation process. Inoculation reduced the survival period of Enterobacteriaceae, and consequently potential spoilage, and caused a quicker acidification of brines and decrease in pH compared with control uninoculated processes. The diffusion of phenolic compounds was slow, hindered by the epidermis of the fruits, and had no effect on the growth of the starter. HPLC analysis revealed that lactic and acetic acids were among the end‐products during the fermentation of green olives. Citric, tartaric and malic acids were also detected but at much lower concentrations. Results obtained from this work can be applied directly to industry for the effective use of starter cultures on natural fermentation processes of green olives without prior lye treatment. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

污水源热泵系统和污水冷热能利用前景分析

分析了污水热源／热汇的特点，介绍了以未处理污水作为热源／热汇和以二级出水或中水作为热源／热汇的污水源热泵系统，分析了污水源热泵系统的技术经济性和其应用潜力，介绍了国内外的应用情况，并对其推广使用需要解决的问题进行了探讨。     

直接式原生污水源热泵的自控调节特性

主要研究了直接式原生污水源热泵冬季供暖工况下的自控调节特性。通过对系统的自动控制可知,当室内温度从20℃降到18℃时,频率控制器启动,系统各参数维持稳定,房间热负荷约为15kW,控制器未做出大的调节;随着室内温度从18℃上升,压缩机的频率降低,通过PID的调节控制,室内温度保持在18℃附近,此时热负荷为9.5kW,压缩机耗功降低了48%,COP从3.4上升到4.1。当室内温度在16～20℃之间变化时,控制器随室内温度高于或低于设定温度,自动做出调节。为了维持温度在18℃附近,房间的热负荷量约为11.5kW,功耗3kW,COP为4,蒸发器和冷凝器的传热系数分别为1192和292W/(m~2·K)。     

粗煤气铁矿颗粒床高温除尘联产直接还原铁工艺及估算

在煤灰熔点高于直接还原铁还原温度200℃的条件下,以直接还原竖炉作为移动颗粒床除尘器为核心技术的3段连续除尘,以铁矿煤球团为直接还原铁原料和移动颗粒床除尘颗粒,粗煤气显热可以直接用于生产直接还原铁。粗煤气显热约占煤炭气化热值的13%,估算联产直接还原铁显热利用效率可达70%以上,与现有的粗煤气废锅发电比,综合热效率提高约2倍,直接还原铁能耗303kg（C）/t.Fe,可以实现温室气体近零排放,减排CO₂约1.7t/t.Fe。可以在不减少粗煤气化学热能（H₂+CO）,联产直接还原铁的同时解决粗煤气的高温除尘与净化问题。     

城市原生污水源热泵最优化研究

根据现有城市原生污水源热泵的投资和运行等经济和技术特点,以系统的费用年值为目标函数,系统的冬夏季蒸发温度、冷凝温度、污水换热器出水温度、污水取水系统的管径等为优化变量,建立了系统综合优化的数学模型.在满足系统供冷、供热的可靠运行的条件下,利用遗传算法理论,并使用Matlab7.1遗传算法工具箱对系统的运行参数及机组部件的设计参数进行了优化选择,实现了系统费用年值最小的目标.优化结果与传统设计结果相比费用年值节省约6%.     

荒煤气/焦炉气压缩机深度除焦方法对比

结合国内工厂实际调研情况,针对荒煤气/焦炉气中焦油在离心压缩机设备中沉积堵塞的问题,对比分析了包括二次电捕焦油、段间喷水(油)、吸附脱除、段间油洗等深度除焦方法,结果表明,当TSA、油洗塔单独应用在深度除焦过程中时,都能取得较好的效果。当上游预处理后的焦油含量未达到预期指标或波动较大时,TSA+油洗塔、段间喷水(油)+油洗塔组合使用,可以确保达到更好的除焦效果。     

未处理、热处理与扩散处理橙色和粉橙色蓝宝石的颜色成因

总结了未处理、热处理和Be扩散处理的黄色-红色蓝宝石的颜色及其成因.综述了蓝宝石色心的主要类型.对热不稳定的黄色和橙色色心的性质与高温热处理或由Be扩散处理产生的热稳定橙色色心的特征进行了对比研究.对橙色色心形成的一些模式进行了详细描述和讨论,这些模式是由Hger(2001)和Emmett等(2003)提出、根据样品中微量元素含量建立的.两个模式都是基于微量元素Mg-Fe-Ti和(Be Mg)-Fe-Ti三角图解建立的.对来自斯里兰卡的未处理和热处理帕帕拉恰蓝宝石的颜色成因与来自马达加斯加Ilakaka和坦桑尼亚Songea的Be扩散处理蓝宝石的颜色成因进行了对比.处理与未处理蓝宝石颜色的巨大差异是由样品中的Fe和V的含量差异以及色心的丰度造成的.     

Behavior of Strengthened Glass under High-Velocity Impact

The aim of this work is to compare the behavior of untreated glass and glass treated by hydrofluoric acid, as well as to determine factors controlling high ballistic characteristics of the strengthened glass.     

Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals in a municipal sewage treatment system in the south of Sweden

The occurrence and removal rate of seven pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, fluoxetine, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin), two metabolites (norfluoxetine, clofibric acid), one degradation product (4-isobutylacetophenone) and 3 estrogens (17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estrone) were studied in the inlet and outlet of a tertiary sewage treatment plant (STP) in Sweden as well as between different treatment steps in the STP which includes a conventional activated sludge step. Pharmaceuticals in raw household and raw hospital sewage streams leading to the STP were as well investigated. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of each treatment step was considered for sampling and for the calculation of the removal rates. These rates were above 90%, except for diclofenac, clofibric acid, estrone and ofloxacin. However, only diclofenac and naproxen showed significant effluent loads (> 145 mg/d/1000 inh). Diclofenac was not eliminated during the treatment and in fact even higher concentrations were found at the effluent than in the inlet of the STP. 17α-Ethinylestradiol was not detected in any of the samples. Results indicate that a STP such as the one in Kristianstad, Sweden, with a tertiary treatment is sufficient to remove significantly most of the investigated pharmaceuticals. The chemical treatment improved the removal of several pharmaceuticals especially the antibiotics, which showed step removal rates between 55 and 70%. The expected concentration levels of the pharmaceuticals in the surface water (dilution 1 to 10) close to the outlet of the STP are below the no-observed effect-concentration (NOEC). However, despite that this would imply no important effects in the aquatic environment one cannot rule out negative consequences nearby the STP because most of the NOEC values are derived from acute toxicity data. This may underestimate the real impact of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic ecosystem.