Oligo(ethylene oxide) side‐chain steric screening effects on conductimetric properties of grafted poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) salts in aqueous solutions

A set of poly[N‐oligo(ethylene oxide)yl 4‐vinylpyridinium tosylate] (P4VOEOOTs) has been prepared by spontaneous polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine. This method gives a grafted polyelectrolyte having a positive charge on every backbone pyridinic moiety. The P4VP15Ts, P4VP164Ts, P4VP350Ts and P4VP750Ts aqueous solution conductivities were determined in the concentration range from 6 × 10^?4 to 10^?2 M at 25 °C. The variation of the conductivity versus concentration of the investigated system exhibits typical polyelectrolyte behaviour. The polyelectrolyte mobility was found to be dependent on the oligo(ethylene oxide) (OEO) side‐chain length. Manning's rod‐like model fails to describe these results. A simple steric effect is proposed to explain the influence of the OEO length. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modeling of Diffusion in Capillary Porous Materials During the Drying Process

This paper presents a model of heterogenous diffusion in capillary porous materials during the process of drying. The governing heat and mass transfer equations have been established using the liquid as well as vapor flow. Two models have been presented. Model 1 does not consider the heat conduction while the model 2 has been established by considering the conduction. The developed models and the numerical solutions of the resulting differential equations can take into account the moisture and temperature dependent thermophysical properties of the product. All equations have been established in spherical coordinates but the programme written for the purpose of calculations can be used for other geometries also. Numerical calculations have been performed for gas concrete and tiles using model 1, while model 2 has been used for gas concrete only because of the lack of data for thermophysical properties of the tile. For gas concrete it was seen that conduction has only marginal effect on the drying process and the numerical predictions of the drying process were reasonably accurate.     

A novel way to treat refractory waste: Sonication followed by wet oxidation (SONIWO)

The effectiveness of the hybrid system sonication followed by wet oxidation (SONIWO) to treat otherwise refractory waste has been demonstrated. In such a hybrid system homogeneous CuSO₄ catalyst was found to be very efficient.     

Energy use in controlled temperature marine aquaculture

Temperature control offers benefits in land‐based marine aquaculture: stock growth rates may be enhanced by heating in winter; mortality rates in summer may be reduced by cooling. However, if the plant is not well designed, temperature control may create very large energy demands. This paper describes the application of temperature control in abalone aquaculture in New Zealand, with a focus on energy considerations in plant design. An abalone farm using a semi‐closed water conditioning system is used as a case study for which an energy model, based on a heat pump system, is developed. The model is used to determine the impact of plant design and tank conditions on the economics of the operation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NO emission characteristics in counterflow diffusion flame of blended fuel of H2/CO2/Ar

Flame structure and NO emission characteristics in counterflow diffusion flame of blended fuel of H₂/CO₂/Ar have been numerically simulated with detailed chemistry. The combination of H₂, CO₂ and Ar as fuel is selected to clearly display the contribution of hydrocarbon products to flame structure and NO emission characteristics due to the breakdown of CO₂. A radiative heat loss term is involved to correctly describe the flame dynamics especially at low strain rates. The detailed chemistry adopts the reaction mechanism of GRI 2.11, which consists of 49 species and 279 elementary reactions. All mechanisms including thermal, NO₂, N₂O and Fenimore are taken into account to separately evaluate the effects of CO₂ addition on NO emission characteristics. The increase of added CO₂ quantity causes flame temperature to fall since at high strain rates a diluent effect is prevailing and at low strain rates the breakdown of CO₂ produces relatively populous hydrocarbon products and thus the existence of hydrocarbon products inhibits chain branching. It is also found that the contribution of NO production by N₂O and NO₂ mechanisms are negligible and that thermal mechanism is concentrated on only the reaction zone. As strain rate and CO₂ quantity increase, NO production is remarkably augmented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Surface Concentration on Drying Behavior of Carbohydrate Solutions

As the surface properties of the drying materials are very important not only for the drying rate but also for the quality change during drying, the effects of surface concentration on the drying behavior of liquid foods (sugar solutions) were investigated by isothermal drying experiments and by numerical calculation experiments. The isothermal drying experiments with gelled sugar solution systems (sucrose and maltodextrin) were carried out at various relative humidity (RH) values (RH = 0 to 84%). Separate experiments were carried out for determination of the desorption isotherms.

The isothermal drying curves of sugar solutions at RH = 0 to 51% were very similar. Numerical simulations also showed that the drying curves of these sugars at the surface concentration = 0 and 0.1 are almost the same, although the concentration distributions are different.

When a small amount of gelatin was added to sugar solutions, the drying rate decreased remarkably as the gelatin might form a thin film (skin) near the surface, and consequently the retention of ethanol increased.     

探讨电石法PVC烟气治理方法

分析了电石法PVC生产链中电石炉烟气及电厂烟气二氧化硫的排放情况,指出利用电石炉烟气中的CO合成氨、再将合成氨用于燃煤电厂烟气的"氨法"脱硫是具有较大应用潜力的循环经济产业链。     

环境敏感因素对电站正常蓄水位选择的影响

卜寺沟水电站预可阶段正常蓄水位是考虑规划成果、地形、地质务件、梯级衔接、水库淹没、筑坝技术、水能资源利用等因素综合初选的.从理论角度分析,水库淹没时水库内寺庙的影响,按全部淹没进行经济补偿处理代价较小;其社会环境敏感因素对正常蓄水位的选择不应起决定性作用.但是,考虑到少数民族群众、僧侣和地方政府的要求,适当降低正常蓄水位,以减少对扎西日岗寺庙的影响,将带来较积极的社会影响.     

调整水量法(代用法)测定水泥标准稠度用水量方法的改进

结合兰州市的水泥标准稠度用水量方法测定 (代用法 )的实例 ,分析代用法测定标准稠度用水量的缺点 ,并对此方法提出了一些改进措施     

The Difference in Turbulent Diffusion between the Active and Passive Scalars in a Thermally Stably Stratified Medium

The difference in the turbulent diffusion between the active (heat) and passive (mass) scalars in a thermally stably stratified medium is investigated. The axisymmetric problem is treated on the formation of a turbulent circulation flow above a heated disk and on the turbulent diffusion of a passive scalar (impurity) from a continuous surface source in a stably stratified medium. The results indicate that the thermal stratification causes appreciable differences in the coefficients of turbulent transfer between the active (heat) and passive (mass) scalars. This means that the assumption of the identity of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion of heat and mass, employed in conventional models of turbulence, produces significant errors in estimating the heat and mass transfer in a thermally stably stratified medium.