A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

基于正交极差分析的青龙河流域HSPF模型参数寻优模式

为评价桃林口水库水文水质状况,建立其上游青龙河流域的BASINs/HSPF水文水质模拟模型.以Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数作为评价标准,联合正交设计和极差分析法进行参数寻优研究和可靠性分析.结果表明:BASINs/HSPF模型参数寻优的正交极差联合分析模式可大幅减小参数的寻优次数和寻优区间,是获得模型灵敏度参数和参数满意解的高效模式,可为模型参数寻优算法开发提供借鉴;应用正交极差分析的参数率定结果,以青龙河流域下游桃林口水库监测点2011年实测径流数据对模型进行验证,验证期(2011年)的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.79,稍低于率定期(2012年)的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(0.81)以及PEST自动校准的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(0.84),水质模拟结果也基本吻合;针对青龙河流域BASINs/HSPF模型,应用正交极差分析方法识别出6个高灵敏的BASINs/HSPF模型参数(IRC、INFILT、AGWRC、DEEPFR、AGWETP和LZSN);应用正交极差分析方法获得的BASINs/HSPF模型参数满意解取值区间依次为:LZSN[2.0,6.3],INFILT[0.084,0.167],AGWRC[0.90,0.95],DEEPFR[0.209,0.333],BASETP[0.067,0.199],AGWETP[0.067,0.199],CEPSC[0.14,0.27],UZSN[1.35,2.00],IRC[0.392,0.483].     

子流域划分对HSPF模型径流模拟效果的影响

在水文水质模拟过程中,子流域划分数量直接影响模拟结果的精确度,确定最佳子流域划分方案对提高模拟精确度至关重要。基于PEST-HSPF模型,以中河流域为例,在相同参数及不同参数条件下,采用PEST自动校准方法,判断子流域划分数量对流量模拟精确度的影响。结果表明,在相同水文参数下,子流域划分数量变化时,模拟流量的纳什系数(NSE)和可决系数(R2)在0.65~0.78之间波动,其中子流域划分数量在10~20之间对模拟结果的精确度影响最大;在不同水文参数下,径流模拟结果的NSE与R2随子流域划分数量的增加先增大后减小,相对误差(RE)在子流域划分数量介于1~10之间时急剧下降后趋于稳定;子流域划分对HSPF水文模拟效果影响显著,表现出阈值效应,当划分数量超出阈值范围时,径流模拟精度均会受到很大影响。     

GIS-Aided Modeling of Nonpoint Source Pollution Impacts on Surface and Ground Waters

An application of GIS-aided modeling is done at an area in South Florida. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is interfaced with a nonpoint source pollution model to facilitate data storage, management and display; derivation of model input parameters; and effective presentation of results. parameters, and to visually present results in maps. Results for current conditions and practices show that sediments, nutrients and pesticides are present in surface runoff and ground water. Two alternatives to minimize pollution levels are evaluated, i.e., reduction of fertilizer application to the minimum required for effective agricultural growth and replacement of fertilizers with sewage sludge. In addition, the impact of urbanization of the agricultural area to the pollutant levels is tested. Both alternatives and the urbanization result in overall reduction of pollution.     

A comparison of SWAT, HSPF and SHETRAN/GOPC for modelling phosphorus export from three catchments in Ireland

Recent extensive water quality surveys in Ireland revealed that diffuse phosphorus (P) pollution originating from agricultural land and transported by runoff and subsurface flows is the primary cause of the deterioration of surface water quality. P transport from land to water can be described by mathematical models that vary in modelling approach, complexity and scale (plot, field and catchment). Here, three mathematical models (soil water and analysis tools (SWAT), hydrological simulation program-FORTRAN (HSPF) and système hydrologique Européen TRANsport (SHETRAN)/grid oriented phosphorus component (GOPC)) of diffuse P pollution have been tested in three Irish catchments to explore their suitability in Irish conditions for future use in implementing the European Water Framework Directive. After calibrating the models, their daily flows and total phosphorus (TP) exports are compared and assessed. The HSPF model was the best at simulating the mean daily discharge while SWAT gave the best calibration results for daily TP loads. Annual TP exports for the three models and for two empirical models were compared with measured data. No single model is consistently better in estimating the annual TP export for all three catchments.     

空气/水和水/空气双级耦合热泵系统在"三北"地区应用中存的问题及其改进措施

针对在我国“三北”地区应用热泵供暖所普遍存在的困难和问题,简要介绍了一种能在寒冷地区实现“生态循环供暖”的新型热泵供暖系统,即空气／水和水／空气双级耦舍热泵系统;然后指出了其在应用中存在的问题,即在能够满足空气源熬泵单级运行条件的供暖季大部分时间内,系统仍然需要双级耦合运行,从而使得系统的供热能效比(EER)和季节供热性能系数(HSPF)大为降低;最后,针对这种系统作了改进,提出了一种单、双级混合式热泵供暖系统,使问题得到解决,同时,还对两种系统的季节供热性能系数(HSPF)进行了比较。     

降雨输入对青龙河流域HSPF模型模拟结果的影响

为评价降雨输入对青龙河流域BASINs/HSPF模型模拟结果的影响,改善HSPF模型模拟精度,应用趋势成分建模、周期成分建模、相依随机建模和独立随机建模（白噪声）等随机建模程序和蒙特卡洛计算机模拟方法,获得200组降雨随机模拟序列,分别作为青龙河流域BASINs/HSPF模型的输入,以Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数（E_NS）作为模型模拟效果的评价标准,获得如下结论:采用趋势成分、周期成分与ARMA建模以及正态随机模拟获得降雨随机模拟序列是量化降雨输入随机性的可行方法;在模型参数优化的条件下,降雨随机模拟序列HSPF模拟E_NS值的变化区间为[71.09%,74.96%],波动幅度达3.87%,表明降雨输入随机性对于HSPF模拟结果具有显著影响;当考虑每年的日降雨量极大值时,E_NS值变化区间为[75.35%,78.81%],波动幅度达3.46%,且结果均优于没有考虑降雨极大值点的降雨随机模拟序列,表明降雨时间序列的极大值点对于HSPF模拟效果具有显著影响;随着降雨时间序列中所考虑极大值点数量的逐渐增多,HSPF模拟效果出现下降趋势,表明HSPF模拟应特别关注若干最大极值点的影响;降雨输入的不确定性是HSPF模型模拟结果不确定性的重要来源,改善HSPF模拟效果需要考虑降雨时间序列随机性和极值点因素的影响.本研究可为量化降雨输入对HSPF模型模拟的影响以及HSPF模拟的降雨情景优选提供借鉴.     

Watershed model parameter estimation and uncertainty in data-limited environments

Parameter uncertainty and sensitivity for a watershed-scale simulation model in Portugal were explored to identify the most critical model parameters in terms of model calibration and prediction. The research is intended to help provide guidance regarding allocation of limited data collection and model parameterization resources for modelers working in any data and resource limited environment. The watershed-scale hydrology and water quality simulation model, Hydrologic Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF), was used to predict the hydrology of Lis River basin in Portugal. The model was calibrated for a 5-year period 1985–1989 and validated for a 4-year period 2003–2006. Agreement between simulated and observed streamflow data was satisfactory considering the performance measures such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (E), deviation runoff (Dv) and coefficient of determination (R²). The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method was used to establish uncertainty bounds for the simulated flow using the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient as a performance likelihood measure. Sensitivity analysis results indicate that runoff estimations are most sensitive to parameters related to climate conditions, soil and land use. These results state that even though climate conditions are generally most significant in water balance modeling, attention should also focus on land use characteristics as well. Specifically with respect to HSPF, the two most sensitive parameters, INFILT and LZSN, are both directly dependent on soil and land use characteristics.     

基于响应面优化的青龙河流域HSPF模型参数校准方法

Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran(HSPF)模型参数多且交互作用复杂,传统参数寻优面临着优化参数不灵敏、优化算法易陷入局部陷阱等问题,影响了优化精度和效率.本文集成青龙河流域、参数抽样、灵敏度分析和参数优化探索新的寻优途径.应用响应面优化软件Design Expert,针对9个HSPF模型参数进行抽样,获得130组参数集,采用多元二次回归模型,建立参数集与纳什效率系数(NSE)的非线性关系,通过等高线和响应面识别最优参数及其密集取值区间.响应面优化参数的NSE平均值、最大值、最小值以及寻优区间缩减率均优于正交极差分析方法;LZSN、INFILT、AGWRC为极灵敏参数,DEEPFR为灵敏参数;LZSN和INFILT、INFILT和AGWRC、INFILT和UZSN、INFILT和IRC的交互作用对结果有显著影响;优化参数的密集取值区间:LZSN[2.00,2.65];INFILT[0.400,0.475];AGWRC[0.870,0.885];DEEPFR[0.101,0.176];BASETP[0.001,0.120];AGWETP[0,083,0.120];CEPSC[0.166,0.244];UZSN[0.83,1.22]; IRC[0.53,0.63].响应面方法综合了参数抽样、参数灵敏度分析以及参数优化等3个方面,考虑了参数非线性关系和参数的交互作用,兼顾了优化精度和效率,为青龙河流域HSPF模型参数优化开拓了新途径.     

Modelling vadose zone moisture dynamics in shallow water table settings with the Integrated Hydrologic Model: field-scale testing and application

Reproducing the moisture retention behaviour of the vadose zone in shallow water table settings, especially for the near-surface water table aquifer of the Florida coastal plain, provides unique challenges for integrated hydrological models. A comprehensive distributed parameter model, the Integrated Hydrologic Model (IHM), is developed based on deterministic and physically based soil and vegetative properties. The theory and vertical behaviour of IHM is examined through comparisons with data collected at a study site in west-central Florida. The objectives of this exploration are to test a model of the vertical processes controlling water table behaviour, and to also investigate model parameter effects and offer recommendations for improvements and parameterization for regional model application. Rigorous testing is performed to better understand the robustness and/or the limitations of the methodology of the IHM for vadose zones. Simulation results indicate that IHM is capable of providing reasonable predictions of infiltration, depth to water table (DTWT) elevation response, evapotranspiration (ET) distributions from the upper, lower soil and water table while incorporating field-scale variability of soil and land cover properties.