A Lattice Approach to Image Segmentation

After a formal definition of segmentation as the largest partition of the space according to a criterion σ and a function f, the notion of a morphological connection is reminded. It is used as an input to a central theorem of the paper (Theorem 8), that identifies segmentation with the connections that are based on connective criteria. Just as connections, the segmentations can then be regrouped by suprema and infima. The generality of the theorem makes it valid for functions from any space to any other one. Two propositions make precise the AND and OR combinations of connective criteria. The soundness of the approach is demonstrated by listing a series of segmentation techniques. One considers first the cases when the segmentation under study does not involve initial seeds. Various modes of regularity are discussed, which all derive from Lipschitz functions. A second category of examples involves the presence of seeds around which the partition of the space is organized. An overall proposition shows that these examples are a matter for the central theorem. Watershed and jump connection based segmentations illustrate this type of situation. The third and last category of examples deals with cases when the segmentation occurs in an indirect space, such as an histogram, and is then projected back on the actual space under study. The relationships between filtering and segmentation are then investigated. A theoretical chapter introduces and studies the two notions of a pulse opening and of a connected operator. The conditions under which a family of pulse openings can yield a connected filter are clarified. The ability of segmentations to generate pyramids, or hierarchies, is analyzed. A distinction is made between weak hierarchies where the partitions increase when going up in the pyramid, and the strong hierarchies where the various levels are structured as semi-groups, and particularly as granulometric semi-groups. The last section is based on one example, and goes back over the controversy about “lattice” versus “functional” optimization. The problem is now tackled via a case of colour segmentation, where the saturation serves as a cursor between luminance and hue. The emphasis is put on the difficulty of grouping the various necessary optimizations into a single one.     

Occurrence of Lawn Care and Agricultural Pesticides in the Don River and Humber River Watersheds (1998–2002)

Between 1998 and 2002, surface water samples were collected from several sites in the Don River and Humber River watersheds, both tributaries to Lake Ontario, and analyzed for a variety of pesticides, including those used for urban lawn care. Analyses included 152 pesticide active ingredients and eight metabolites. Samples were collected during base flow periods (i.e., dry events) and rainfall events (i.e., wet events). The objectives of the study were to determine which pesticides were detectable, whether there was a difference in the detection frequency between the two watersheds and between upstream and downstream in each river, and whether precipitation influenced the frequency of detection. Eleven pesticides and one metabolite were detected in surface waters of the Don and Humber rivers or their tributaries, with approximately 72% of samples containing at least one pesticide attributable to lawn care use. The pesticides and pesticide metabolite detected in this study included 2,4-D, atrazine, bromacil, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, dicamba, MECOPROP, metolachlor, metribuzin, and an atrazine metabolite (des-ethyl atrazine). Four pesticides exceeded federal or provincial water quality guidelines/objectives. Diazinon exceeded the provincial water quality objective in 28% of the samples taken. For the three other pesticides (atrazine, carbofuran and chlorpyrifos) exceedance of a water quality criteria occurred in less than 1% of the samples.     

80年代黄河中游来沙减少的原因分析

80年代黄河中游来沙量减少,主要原因是降雨量减少和降雨强度减小,流域综合治理也起到了减沙作用。据分析,降雨因素减沙约占总减沙量的70％,流域综合治理减沙约占30％。     

万顷沙西十三涌油轮码头模型试验研究

华隆公司拟在万顷沙西十二涌与十三涌之间兴十三涌３０００Ｔ级油轮港口码头。本文分析了该河段水文泥沙的特性、河道演变趋势及河段稳定性，通过物理模型试验研究及对航道、港池的回淤计算分析，预测工程建成后引起局部水流流态的变化，对水道泄洪、潮排、潮灌的影响，以及港池、航道建成后的泥沙淤积情况。     

In vitro effects of urease inhibitors on rate of urea hydrolysis in soils

We studied the effect of urease inhibitors on the urea hydrolysis in some Sundanese soils belonging to the orders of Vertisol and Entisol. The hydrolysis showed a lag period of about 3 days and its rate (Y) per unit time (t) could be described by a two constants exponential equation of the general form Y = K₁t^K ₂. Statistical analysis showed that the intercept K₁ (rate of urea hydrolysis) was significantly affected by soil type rather than treatment. It seems that K₁ is associated with the soils' initial urease activity as it closely correlates with the Michaelis constant (km).The gradient, K₂, being significantly affected by soil type as well as treatment is probably associated with the induced urease activity with time and it, therefore, varied with variations in soils and treatments. Of the so-called urease inhibitors used in this study Ca(OH)₂, p-benzoquinone (PBQ) and orthophosphoric acid (OP) only PBQ reduced urea hydrolysis while the other chemicals have effects possibly related to modifying the soil pH. Inhibitor treated soils had substantial amounts of unacounted for N which was believed to be present, presumably, in the form of carbamate.Contribution from the Department of Biochemistry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shambat, Sudan.     

流域规划时空数据管理关键技术研究

针对流域规划工作中存在专业模型计算数据格式众多、时空数据分离、包含时间和空间信息的多方案对比不直观等问题,对流域规划中数据管理关键技术进行了研究。利用水资源分区和行政区划组合出了"流域-子流域-计算分区"不同层次的空间尺度,运用历史年月统计数据、长时间日观测系列数据,预测计算出了从规划基准年到近、远期规划水平年间不同时间粒度的成果,按照"数据集-对象图层-要素"的组织形式存储于关系型数据库中,用以构建厄瓜多尔流域规划时空数据库,实现了多格式数据集成化管理、不同尺度时空数据的整合以及多方案成果的直观表达,增加了流域规划工作中数据多样化分析的应用方式,提升了数据分析及其应用的自动化程度,通过对时空数据变化的直观模拟,提升了对比分析的工作效率。     

磁性浮板覆盖下干旱区平原水库节水效率分析

针对干旱区平原水库水深浅、风速大、气温高、空气相对湿度低而导致蒸发损失严重的问题,在吐鲁番市胜金乡胜金沟三期水土保持水库进行了一整年不同覆盖面积的带磁性浮板与非磁性浮板覆盖水面来减少水面蒸发的试验,以此来分析相同覆盖面积下带磁性浮板成片整体分布与非磁性浮板分散分布对水库水面蒸发的节水效率。试验结果表明：在气象因素相同的情况下,带磁性浮板分别覆盖水面25％,50％和75％时,蒸发抑制率分别为27.4％,41.5％和59.1％;非磁性浮板分别覆盖水面25％,50％和75％时,蒸发抑制率分别为22.1％,38.1％和57.3％;带磁性浮板比非磁性浮板蒸发抑制率分别提高了5.3％,3.4％和1.8％。可见,带磁性浮板节水效果更加显著,对提高干旱区平原水库水资源的利用效率具有显著意义。     

内陆干旱区实施最严格水资源管理的关键技术研究——以新疆呼图壁河流域为典型示范区

以最严格水资源管理理念为前提,从最严格水资源管理下的区域水资源综合模拟、水资源管理分配,以及典型研究区流域水资源监测框架核心技术及考核指标的评价体系这4个方面,研究内陆干旱区实施最严格水资源管理的关键技术,且以天山北坡中段呼图壁河流域为典型示范区,揭示流域内水资源的供需规律,建立适应内陆干旱区的最严格水资源管理制度,为实现区域水资源的可持续利用以及支撑区域经济社会的可持续发展提供科学依据和决策建议,为干旱区贯彻和落实最严格水资源管理制度提供科技支撑。     

新时期生态清洁流域建设的机遇和挑战

生态清洁流域建设是流域治理的新模式,是生态文明建设的重要组成部分.针对生态清洁流域的发展现状,分析了其发展机遇,并从规划设计、资金投入、部门协作和验收评估等方面探讨其面临的挑战,提出促进生态清洁流域健康发展的对策和建议.     

地学数据标注和引用现状与存在的问题初探

科学数据引用是近年来逐渐兴起与成熟的一个领域,世界各国都对其进行了一系列相关工作。地学作为一门涉及范围极广的科学,在众多科研工作中积累了大量的科学数据。概述了我国科学数据共享体系的现状与存在的问题,以寒区旱区科学数据中心提供的数据施引文献库为例,分析了该中心数据集自2006~2013年(注:2013年数据不全)的被引情况。研究结果发现:科学数据集自公开到被广泛引用需要约2年的时间积累,2年之后被引情况大幅度增长。该数据集遥感数据最多,其次是土地和气象数据。但从被引情况来看,以遥感和气象被引次数居首,说明用户对此类数据的需求较大。