北江下游推移质输沙研究

采用数值模拟与实测资料相结合的方法研究了北江下游推移质输沙率公式的适用性、洪枯季推移质输沙率及空间分布。结果表明以切应力为主要参量的推移质输沙率公式较适用于北江下游河道,洪季Bijker公式、枯季Van Rijn公式计算误差较小。石角断面洪季推移质输沙率为9.06万t/月,枯季为2.43万t/月,年推移质输沙量为49.54万t。推移质输沙主要集中在大塘以上河段,洪枯季均在山塘上游、廻岐洲、界牌洲等处出现输沙率峰值,大塘下游推移质输沙较弱。水面比降是推移质输沙率沿程变化的主导因素。     

山区河流浅水条件下漂石对河床响应与泥沙补给影响的试验研究

受暴雨洪水与滑坡、泥石流灾害的影响,山区河流床沙多为宽级配卵砾石泥沙,甚至出现较多的漂石,从而影响近底水流结构与推移质输移特性。基于野外漂石河流的调查,通过概化试验,探讨了漂石颗粒对河床冲淤的影响;对比分析了不同水沙条件下漂石对推移质输沙率过程的影响;根据床面粗化程度与漂石状态相异的两种类型对比试验,探讨了漂石对不同水沙条件下推移质输沙率的影响程度。初步表明：随着漂石颗粒相对暴露度（D/h,漂石等效粒径与平均水深之比）的减少,漂石对其尾部区域水流的混掺越加突出,从而对河床的冲刷能力变大;根据本试验采用的水沙参数,漂石对推移质输沙率的扩大效应为几倍至十几倍。     

Geomorphic comparison of two Atlantic coastal rivers: Toward an understanding of physical controls on Atlantic salmon habitat

River channel substrate size and mobility are important to Atlantic salmon spawning and rearing success. We compare morphology and bed sediment between two North American Atlantic coastal streams (Narraguagus River, Maine, USA and Jacquet River, New Brunswick, Canada). The watersheds have similar drainage areas and mean annual precipitation, but differing relief structure, channel longitudinal profiles and numbers of returning salmon. The lower‐relief Narraguagus River is segmented into steeper (gradient >0.002) and flatter reaches (gradient <0.0005). Flat reaches, including mainstem lakes, act as sediment sinks, preventing the continuity of downstream sediment transport. Based on field measurements, the Narraguagus River has a larger high‐flow width to depth ratio than the Jacquet River, but this difference is principally the result of outliers from low‐gradient channel reaches. Measurements of substrate grain size reveal finer river‐bed sediments on the Narraguagus River, however, Shields parameter calculations indicate that bed sediment should be mobile during high flows in both streams. We use the Shields equation to predict grain size based on channel slope, width and drainage area measured from digital elevation models (DEM) and aerial photographs. Predictions of median grain size agree with field measurements within a factor of 2 for 62–70% of the survey stations. We suggest ways that model misfits may provide opportunities to prioritize reach‐based restoration efforts. Based on expected grain size, we estimate 62% spawning and 68% rearing habitat along the length of the Narraguagus River, and 28 and 95% respectively on the Jacquet. Overall, glacial history and relief structure appear to be the first‐order controls on substrate grain size and habitat quality in these two rivers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

泥沙起动特性测试仪研制

根据泥沙起动特性理论,制作了泥沙起动特性测试仪,该仪器可测量水流流过泥沙表面时水流速度和泥沙浮起量的函数关系.仪器采用步进电机实现水流速度的精确调节,自制变光型浊度传感器测量浊度,开发了简洁实用的PC机操作界面,仪器具有功耗小、成本低、一体性好、操作简单等特点.     

粗化床面非均匀沙推移质运动扩散特性研究

对泥沙颗粒运动规律的把握是准确估算推移质输沙率的基础.本文开展了粗化床面条件下的水槽试验,分析了非均匀沙颗粒的均方位移和速度自相关系数变化,并与已有均匀沙试验进行了对比.结果表明,粗化床面存在着由单个或多个粗颗粒组成的粗化结构体,形成比平整床面更复杂的底部边界,粗化结构体对泥沙颗粒运动造成较大影响,颗粒在运动过程中与水...     

清水冲刷河床粗化数学模型

本文建立了大坝下游清水冲刷河床粗化一维数学模型。该模型考虑了非均匀推移质不平衡输移,并引入混合层模式用于模拟河床组成的变化。利用Preissmann隐式格式求解水流方程组,用显式格式求解河床变形方程及床沙级配调整方程。该模型侧重于模拟河床粗化过程,也能用于河床一维变形计算。利用我们做过的清水冲刷水槽实验资料对模型进行了全面的验证,取得了令人满意的结果。     

Estimating bedload transport rates in a gravel-bed river using seismic impact plates: Model development and application

A data-driven, uncertainty-bound estimation technique for bedload transport rates is developed based on passive sensing devices. The model converts sediment samples to a mass in transit for each instantaneous discharge according to impacts detected and a Monte Carlo simulation of the load determined at random from the particle size distribution. Using impact count data autogenically produces a supply-limited, location-specific and high-resolution time-series of bedload rates, while the probabilistic approach inherently accommodates the stochastic nature of bedload transport. Application to the River Avon (Devon, U.K.) provides cross-sectional bedload rate estimates within the bounds of experimental data and calibrated to observed field behaviour. This new procedure offers an alternative ‘class’ of bedload estimation to existing approaches and has the potential for wide-ranging applications in river management and restoration, while contributing to the integration of ‘big data’ into a progressive agenda for hydrogeomorphology research.     

非均匀沙分级推移质公式

根据近底泥沙交换的随机-力学模式及输沙率概率分布，从理论上建立了非均匀沙任意粒级推移质输沙率的新公式。采用作者提出的分级起动概率和颗粒跳跃速度表达式处理有关参数，而公式所及常数则由均匀沙输移试验资料确定。由此获得的非均匀沙分级推移质公式物理概念清楚、数学处理严密、能自动适应均匀沙情形。用非均匀沙分级输移试验资料的验证结果表明，理论能合理地描述非均匀沙推移质运动的客观规律。     

弯道推移质横向输沙规律与床面平衡机理

弯道推移质运动直接影响弯道输沙特性、床面形态和河湾演变。弯道推移质输移有4个典型规律,即同岸输移远大于异岸输移、推移质成带性、形成横向底坡和床沙横向分选。归纳了5家推移质横向输沙强度公式,并选择Parker公式分析了推移质横向输沙强度与横向底坡的关系。结果表明,随着横向底坡变大,从凹岸向凸岸的输沙强度将变小,当横向底坡变大到某个临界值时,输沙强度为零;当横向底坡继续变大,推移质输移的方向发生改变,推移质将从凸岸指向凹岸的输移,输沙强度随底坡的变大而变大。弯道床面的凹岸陡坡和凸岸缓坡横向平衡机理各不相同,凹岸陡坡受泥沙水下休止角、横向环流、床沙粒径、床沙分选的制约,而凸岸缓坡主要受上游来沙、横向环流、床沙粒径、床沙分选的影响。弯道床面横向平衡机理关键在于推移质颗粒静力平衡或力矩平衡,横向床沙分选机制使得底坡必须经历反复的动态调整过程,床沙分选总是朝着减小横向底坡方向进行。     

Dam effects on bedload transport on the upper Santa Ana River,California, and implications for native fish habitat

Dams disrupt the flow of water and sediment and thus have the potential to affect the downstream geomorphic characteristics of a river. Though there are some well‐known and common geomorphic responses to dams, such as bed armouring, the response downstream from any particular dam is dependent on local conditions. Herein, we investigate the response of the upper Santa Ana River in southern California, USA, to the construction of a large dam at the transition from mountains to valley, using calculations of bedload transport capacity on the mainstem below the dam and for major tributaries. Approximate sediment budgets were constructed for downstream reaches to estimate deposition and erosion rates for sand, gravel, and cobble particle sizes. Our results indicate that the classical response of bed armouring and erosion is likely limited to a short reach immediately below the dam. Farther downstream, though transport capacity is reduced by flow regulation by the dam, the channel reaches are likely to remain depositional but with reduced deposition rates. Persistent deposition, as opposed to erosion, is the result of the replenishment of flow and sediment supply by large downstream tributaries. In addition, the calculations indicate that the composition of the bed is unlikely to change substantially in downstream reaches. A Monte Carlo approach was employed to estimate the uncertainty in the sediment budget predictions. The impacts of the dam on the geomorphic character of the river downstream could have implications for native fish that rely on coarse substrate that supports their food base.