威权意识下女性命运的真实写照--评析《大地》中的阿兰形象

阿兰是赛珍珠的代表作品《大地》中旧式中国农村妇女的学形象，她忠厚朴实，坚毅勤劳，深受威权意识和封建思想道德的重重压迫。中分析了阿兰的优点和她性格中的缺陷，再现了旧中国女性难以摆脱封建威权意识深重压迫的悲惨命运。     

Pulse height defect in pCVD and scCVD diamond based detectors

Polycrystalline (pCVD) and single crystal (scCVD) diamond films grown from Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD), if sufficiently pure at Raman analysis, are very good materials for beam or flux monitors inside accelerators or nuclear reactors. This is because they are very hard to damage in high radiation fields and very resistant to high temperatures. Films of pCVD diamond are, however, not so good as spectroscopy detectors due to inhomogeneities induced by their growth in grains with the consequent presence of grain boundaries which worsen their energy resolution. The latter can be significantly improved by growing scCVD diamond films onto HPHT synthetic diamond substrates. We have shown that it is possible to measure the density of defects inside diamond specimens using as probes suitable penetrating nuclear radiations. With the preliminary results reported here we'll show that, bombarding CVD diamond films grown at Roma “Tor Vergata” with energetic protons and ⁴He, ⁶Li and ¹²C ions produced in the accelerators of Catania laboratories, the pulse height defects are higher than those in silicon detectors and likewise well described by a power law in the deposited energy. Furthermore, we'll show that pulse heights for the same particles seem to depend on the duration of the measurement, thus exhibiting a sort of depolarization of the insulator when exposed to the electric voltage which makes it a particle detector.     

Advancements in the design and validation of an air pollution integrated assessment model for Spain

This paper describes the design and application of the Atmospheric Evaluation and Research Integrated model for Spain (AERIS). Currently, AERIS can provide concentration profiles of NO₂, O₃, SO₂, NH₃, PM, as a response to emission variations of relevant sectors in Spain. Results are calculated using transfer matrices based on an air quality modelling system (AQMS) composed by the WRF (meteorology), SMOKE (emissions) and CMAQ (atmospheric-chemical processes) models. The AERIS outputs were statistically tested against the conventional AQMS and observations, revealing a good agreement in both cases. At the moment, integrated assessment in AERIS focuses only on the link between emissions and concentrations. The quantification of deposition, impacts (health, ecosystems) and costs will be introduced in the future. In conclusion, the main asset of AERIS is its accuracy in predicting air quality outcomes for different scenarios through a simple yet robust modelling framework, avoiding complex programming and long computing times.     

An economic–ecological model to evaluate impacts of nutrient abatement in the Baltic Sea

This paper presents a coupled economic–ecological model that integrates a catchment model with a marine model and incorporates economic data to analyse the long-term economic and ecological consequences of nutrient abatement in the Baltic Sea. The spatially explicit model describes dynamics of soil phosphorus in arable land, developments of nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in the sea basins, and inter-annual variation in nutrient loads and biophysical processes. The performance of the model is demonstrated by computing the least-cost solution to reach the good environmental state of the sea – as implied by the Baltic Sea Action Plan – within a time span of 40 years. The total cost of achieving this target is 1487 M€ annually. Spatially optimal allocation of load reductions differs from the load reduction targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan, and focuses more on the control of phosphorus loads.     

A data porting tool for coupling models with different discretization needs

The presented work is part of a larger research program dealing with developing tools for coupling biogeochemical models in contaminated landscapes. The specific objective of this article is to provide researchers with a data porting tool to build hexagonal raster using information from a rectangular raster data (e.g. GIS format). This tool involves a computational algorithm and an open source software (written in C). The method of extending the reticulated functions defined on 2D networks is an essential key of this algorithm and can also be used for other purposes than data porting. The algorithm allows one to build the hexagonal raster with a cell size independent from the geometry of the rectangular raster. The extended function is a bi-cubic spline which can exactly reconstruct polynomials up to degree three in each variable. We validate the method by analyzing errors in some theoretical case studies followed by other studies with real terrain elevation data. We also introduce and briefly present an iterative water routing method and use it for validation on a case with concrete terrain data.     

A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

丁腈胶乳的加氢反应

采用水合肼/过氧化氢氧化还原体系，以硼酸为催化剂，在常压下进行丁腈胶乳的氢化反应，研究了过氧化氢加入方式，硼酸和水合肼用量，反应温度及反应时间对丁腈胶乳加氢度的影响。结果表明，过氧化氢连续滴加再附加室温条件，氢化反应效果最好。当硼酸用量为2.64mmol，水合肼用量为95.2mmol，过氧化氮用量为79.3mmol。在60℃，6h下，丁腈胶乳的加氢度可达到90%以上。     

Differential geometry based active fault tolerant control for aircraft

This work shows how to use a differential geometry tool to design a novel nonlinear active fault tolerant flight control system for aircraft. The proposed control scheme consists of two main subsystems: a controller, which is designed for the nominal plant, and a fault detection and diagnosis module, which provides fault estimation. A further feedback loop exploits the fault estimation to accommodate faults affecting the system. The estimate convergence and the stability of the active fault tolerant flight controller are theoretically proved. Finally, high fidelity simulations show the effectiveness of the scheme.     

Production and evaluation of vildagliptin-loaded poly(dl-lactide) and poly(dl-lactide-glycolide) micro-/nanoparticles: Response surface methodology approach

A laboratory scale spray dryer was used to encapsulate vildagliptin (VLG), an antihyperglycemic drug, into different polymers such as poly(dl-lactide) (PDLA), poly(dl-lactide-glycolide)-50:50 (PLGA 50:50), and poly(dl-lactide-glycolide)-75:25 (PLGA 75:25). Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the effects of process and formulation factors on the encapsulation efficiency (EE). The physicochemical properties of the drug-loaded micro-/nanoparticles, mainly the drug loading (DL), particle size distribution, surface morphology, drug–polymer compatibility, and release rate were investigated. % EE of drug-loaded micro-/nanoparticles were in the range of 57.10% to 76.44%. PLGA50:50 micro-/nanoparticles showed highest EE as compared to PDLA and PLGA75:25 micro-/nanoparticles. The mean particle size of the micro-/nanoparticles containing PLGA 50:50, PLGA 75:25, and PDLA polymers were 428?nm, 640?nm, and 1.22 µm, respectively. Surface morphology study revealed smooth, spherical and nonporous surface structures of the micro-/nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed the drug–polymer compatibility. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis of micro-/nanoparticles revealed that VLG was present in the amorphous form within the micro-/nanoparticles formulations. In vitro release study demonstrated that VLG is slowly released from micro-/nanoparticles for 12?h and the drug release rate was influenced by type and viscosity of polymers used. This work suggests that PDLA, PLGA 50:50, and PLGA75:25 polymers are able to sustain the VLG release rates from micro-/nanoparticles.