多输入单输出逆高斯分布流域汇流模型

本文将逆高斯分布应用于由水库和区间组成的复杂的流域汇流系统，并建立了多输入单输出逆高斯单位线模型。讨论了模型参数的估计方法，并对沾益流域的雨洪资料进行了实例分析。     

川中丘陵区一种新型小流域径流输沙模型的建立与应用

径流输沙模型对定量评价水沙的输出响应具有重要的意义。本研究在已有研究成果的基础上，通过对四川盐亭县林山西沟小流域的径流、泥沙进行现场观测与分析，提出含沙量单位线的定义及其确定方法，建立了适应该小流域的径流输沙模型。并应用实测资料进行比较，表明模型的模拟结果可靠，模拟过程确定性系数达0．8以上，为川中丘陵区小流域径流输沙过程的预测预报提供了一个新方法。     

An Interval Fuzzy Multiobjective Watershed Management Model for the Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

Integrated watershed management is required to ensure the reasonable use of resources and reconcile interactions among natural and human systems. In the present study, an interval fuzzy multiobjective programming (IFMOP) method was used to solve an integrated watershed management problem. Based on system analysis, an IFMOP model suitable for a lake watershed system {IFMOPLWS} was developed and applied to the Lake Qionghai watershed in China. Scenario analysis and an interactive approach were used in the solution process. In this manner, various system components were incorporated into one framework for holistic consideration and optimization. Integrality and uncertainty, as well as the multiobjective and dynamic characteristics of the watershed system, were well addressed. Using two scenarios, two planning schemes were generated. Agriculture, tourism, macroeconomics, cropland use, water supply, forest coverage, soil erosion, and water pollution were fully interpreted and compared to identify a preferable planning alternative for local agencies. This study showed that the IFMOPLWS is a powerful tool for integrated watershed management planning and can provide a solid base for sustainable watershed management.     

Recognizing the importance of scale in the ecology and management of riverine fish

Processes affecting fish populations range in scale from local to global. Fish response is also scale‐dependent, with some activities varying locally while others depend on large‐scale connectivity within or between watersheds. These issues are still only partly recognized, with large‐scale research often affected by non‐independent sampling, weak inference, poor model testing or model over‐extrapolation. Available multi‐scale studies can reach different conclusions about factors affecting fishes from local studies, but results vary between examples. Potential explanations are (i) effects on fishes are context‐dependent; (ii) different species or life‐stages are limited in different ways; (iii) multi‐scale studies are too few for generalization. We advocate improved use of geostatistical tools to guide sampling or interpret the spatial extent of management problems, and we illustrate this using brown trout in Welsh streams. Our strongest recommendation is that fish ecologists recognize the importance of interactions across scales in quantifying effects on fishes so that management decisions can be better based on evidence rather than judgement or extrapolation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用托板法治理岩溶塌陷区的基础沉降

建筑在岩溶区近４０年的大型建，由于岩溶发育，逐步形成土洞，进而发生地基塌陷，并造成墙体开裂，使用托板法进行地基处理，至今已逾２年，未再发生新的沉降塌陷。     

石匣小流域坡地水土流失监测系统的建立及应用

以石匣小流域为坡地水土流失监测试点,以遥感及地理信息系统技术为手段,以坡地径流小区定位观测为依据,建立石匣小流域坡地水土流失监测系统,定位、定性、定量监测各种坡地类型的水土流失量、污染物流失量,为水土流失监测预报提供数据,为全市山区水土流失监测预报工作提供经验及方法,为制定水土流失防治方针政策及水土流失生态环境建设提供依据.     

单斜构造岩溶发育区成库条件分析及工程处理措施

碳酸盐岩地区修建水库,尤其要注意水库渗漏问题。云南某新建水库坐落在向斜山山坡上,水库周边岩溶发育,地质环境复杂,存在岩溶渗漏问题。为保证该水库顺利修建,针对其岩溶渗漏问题,在开展工程地质测绘、岩溶调查统计、钻孔勘探及压水试验等工作的基础上,分析了水库区岩溶发育规律及地下水分布情况,并对库尾岩溶进行了重点分析,结果表明水库库尾存在岩溶渗漏的可能性较小,而右坝肩及右岸山体存在永久性渗漏的可能。针对这一问题,结合岩层透水特性的分析,提出采用帷幕灌浆的方法对水库岩溶渗漏问题进行处理。     

GIS技术在清洁小流域治理中的应用

GIS技术有便捷的数据管理、强大的空间分析和直观的三维可视化能力,在清洁小流域治理中应用GIS技术,可有效地实现海量数据管理、复杂空间分析与决策支持,为实现美丽乡村提供强大技术支撑。以河南省淅川县草庙沟小流域为例,详细介绍了利用GIS技术进行清洁小流域治理的技术路线。利用GIS技术,可在高分辨率影像上获取准确的各级汇水区、植被覆盖信息和地类信息,再结合实测水质数据和土壤、污染、降雨等调查数据,以清洁小流域示范工程技术指南为技术标准,可便捷直观地划分小流域的各治理分区、进行三维施工设计、经费测算和效益分析。因此,GIS技术的利用可有效提升清洁小流域的管理能力。     

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价初探

生态清洁小流域监测及后评价对于生态清洁小流域建设效果评估和指导生态清洁小流域后期建设具有重要意义,但目前为止,关于生态清洁小流域建设后的监测及后评价方面的研究较少。鉴于此,以生态清洁小流域作为研究对象,从建设目标的角度出发,针对性选取了对生态清洁小流域建设效果评价具有代表性的监测因子,并简述了监测方法。同时,综合考虑生态清洁小流域"自然-社会-经济"特点,从社会和自然环境两大方面选取10个指标构建生态清洁小流域后评价指标体系,给出了评价方法和评价标准。该研究结果可为生态清洁小流域建设效果评价提供理论依据。     

洪积扇区域渠系工程设计洪水计算探究——以乌鲁木齐河分洪工程为例

通过对乌鲁木齐河分洪工程渠道沿线洪沟洪水的成因分析,对于山区河沟,采用水文比拟法计算出各河沟出山口处的洪水,对于出山口以下纯坡面区域,采用推理公式法计算其小流域暴雨洪水。根据沿线典型洪沟调查洪峰与推理公式法计算洪峰的拟合情况,率定出计算参数m为Ⅲ类,R=1.1、r1=0.76。对小东沟、乌什城沟出山口断面与渠线断面分别进行洪水调查,可知山区河沟出山口以后每公里河长洪峰衰减率为3.7%~3.9%。利用谷歌卫星地图结合现场调查,将分洪渠道沿线洪沟划分为各个相对独立的区域,对每一个区域分别计算出上游山区衰减至渠线断面的洪水和洪积扇区间洪水后,按照调查洪峰流量的比例将该区域洪峰总量分配到区域内与渠线相交的各个洪沟断面,基于工程安全性考虑,对于有汊流的洪沟,其最终设计洪水成果按加成20%进行处理。