Effects of urea fertigation of apple trees on soil pH,exchangeable cations and extractable manganese in a sandy loam soil in New Zealand

Changes in soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and extractable manganese (Mn) were investigated after urea fertigation of a sandy loam soil in an apple orchard in New Zealand. Urea at three rates (0, 25, 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 or 0, 16.9, 33.8 g N emitter^–1 yr^–1) was applied in 4 equal fertigations. Soil cores at 4 profile depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) directly below and 20 cm from the emitter were sampled approximately 4 weeks after each fertigation and in the following winter. Results obtained showed that the largest changes in soil pH and cations occurred in soils directly below the emitter in the 50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 treatment where the soil pH decreased by 1.6 pH units at all soil depths. The lowest pH of 4.3 was observed at a depth of 27 cm. Exchangeable Al and extractable Mn levels increased to 11 meq kg^–1 and 78µg g^–1 respectively. Estimated losses of Ca, Mg and K from the upper soil profile depth (0–10 cm) represented 23, 63 and 27% of their respective total exchangeable levels. At lower profile depths (>20 cm), accumulation of displaced K was evident. Variable, and generally non-significant, chemical changes recorded in soils 20 cm from the emitter were attributed to restricted lateral water movement, and therefore urea movement, down the profile.The present study showed that one season of urea fertigation by trickle emitters, applied to a sandy loam, at half the rate conventionally applied to apple orchards (50 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) resulted in pH and mineral element imbalances which were potentially and sufficiently severe to inhibit tree growth.     

Bauxite residue (red mud) increases phosphorus retention in sandy soil catchments in Western Australia

The Peel-Harvey estuary on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia has become eutrophic partly because of the leaching of fertiliser phosphorus from sandy soils. The acid, coarse textured sandy soils are predominantly quartz, have a low iron and aluminium content and do not retain phosphorus. Red mud, derived from bauxite, is a by-product of the alumina industry and has the ability to retain phosphorus. Retention of phosphorus is enhanced when the red mud is neutralised with gypsum. Red mud has been suggested as a soil amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching.To investigate the reduction in the leaching of phosphorus from soils amended with red mud, weirs were constructed at the outlets from a pair of catchments to quantify the amount of phosphorus in the streamflow. Both catchments were deep grey Bassendean sand. One of the catchments was treated with 80 t/ha of red mud which had been neutralised with waste gypsum from the phosphate industry. The red mud was applied to the soil surface using conventional fertiliser spreading equipment. The other catchment was untreated.The red mud reduced phosphorus loss by 70% from 13.8 kg/ha on the untreated catchment, to 4.2 kg/ha on the treated catchment. Both catchments were treated with 20.4 kg/ha of phosphorus as superphosphate. The catchment treated with red mud also received a further 41.5 kg/ha of phosphorus from the phosphogypsum that was used to neutralise the red mud.Our results show that red mud reduces phosphorus leaching and is potentially a nutrient management option in sandy soils. Red mud has the potential to reduce the impact of agriculture on the estuarine environment and has implications for the continued expansion and intensification of agriculture in the Peel-Harvey catchment.     

基于改进一次二阶矩法的砂土液化判别方法

通过对改进一次二阶矩可靠性分析方法进行研究,提出了一种基于标准贯入击数极限状态方程的地震液化可靠度评估方法,并用Matlab 7．0编制了相应的地震液化概率判别程序。用该可靠性分析方法对1976年河北唐山大地震的资料进行了液化概率分析,并与实测值和规范判别法计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：该方法具有可行性和精确性,为砂土液化势评估提供了一种有效的新方法。     

砂性土坡面防护结构抗降雨冲刷性能试验研究

针对砂性土堤防坡面抗雨水冲刷能力弱的工程实际,建立砂性土坡面冲刷试验模型,开展降雨冲刷试验,研究不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层抗冲刷性能。分析降雨条件下不同砂性土堤防坡面保护层的冲刷过程,总结出沙土、膨润土与秸秆三者混合形成的坡面保护层能够抵抗雨水冲刷、保障植物种子顺利成长,便于施工。     

浅埋式滴灌苜蓿耗水规律和产量 对不同灌水定额的响应

为确定适宜多砾石砂土浅埋式滴灌苜蓿的灌溉制度, 试验设定 5 种灌水定额( 22. 5、 30.0、 37.5、 45.0 和 52.5 mm) 并以地面灌为对照组( CK) , 研究灌水定额对浅埋式滴灌苜蓿耗水规律和产量的影响。结果表明: 不同灌水定额下各茬苜蓿的耗水强度为第 2 茬> 第 1 茬> 第 3 茬, 且均在孕蕾期达到峰值。各茬苜蓿的总耗水量表现为第 2 茬> 第 3 茬> 第 1 茬, 且耗水量分别在分枝期、初花期及孕蕾期最高。灌水定额大于 45.0 mm 时, 耗水强度增加趋势不明显且与地面灌( CK) 相近。45.0 mm 灌水定额与地面灌( CK) 间的耗水量差异不显著( P < 0.05) 。高灌水定 额( 45.0、52.5 mm) 与地面灌( CK) 之间的总耗水量、总产量以及总水分利用效率差异不显著, 与低灌水定额( 22.5、 30.0、37.5 mm) 差异显著( P < 0.05) , 且各茬苜蓿此三项指标的差异性一致。总产量与总水分利用效率在灌水定额 为 45.0 mm 处达到最大, 与地面灌( CK) 相比分别增加了 9.05% 、14.54% 。选用 45.0 mm 灌水定额和 54.0 mm 灌溉定额作为多砾石砂土浅埋式滴灌苜蓿灌溉制度较为合适。     

深厚粘土层冻结管受力机理模拟分析

针对杨村煤矿副井407．3m～445．35m段特厚砂质粘土层冻结管断裂情况,本文利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行受力机理模拟分析,得到冻结管应力、位移分布规律,从而判断出冻结管断裂位置在砂质粘土与砂土交界处,通过与现场监测情况进行对比,分析出冻结管受力断裂主要原因在于两种土层冻胀不同造成的,并提出相关施工建议为后期矿井建设提供参考。     

土的电阻率与饱和度的关系研究

采用自制的绝缘模型进行砂土、黄土、黏土的室内电阻率和饱和度的试验.分析数据可知,三种土样的共同点是：电阻率随着饱和度的增大,幂函数关系减小;当土样接近饱和时,电阻率趋于稳定.不同点是：在干密度和饱和度相同时,砂土的电阻率最大,黏土的电阻率最小;砂土的电阻率对饱和度变化的敏感性强于黄土和黏土.本试验揭示了砂土、黄土、黏土的电阻率与饱和度的关系,为使用电测法测量土工参数提供了理论依据.     

密实度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响

为研究试样相对密度对砂卵砾石料强度及变形特性的影响,对4组不同相对密度的砂卵砾石料进行不同围压下的中型三轴固结排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:在试验的相对密度范围内,随着围压增大,相对密度小的试样应力应变曲线硬化特征逐渐明显,而相对密度大的试样无论围压大小,应力应变曲线都呈应变软化型;试样在剪切过程中均表现出不同程度的剪胀性;试样抗剪强度指标φ和φ0随着试样相对密度Dr增大而增大,c和Δφ随Dr增大而减小,并建立了试样抗剪强度与相对密度的函数关系式;割线模量、切线体积模量都随Dr增大而增大,可近似用线性关系表示。     

花岗岩地区病险水库工程地质问题及处理措施

花岗岩地区病险水库的险情主要为坝基渗漏,高水位运行期坝脚易发生管涌而限制水库效益的发挥。以某病险水库为例,分析总结了花岗岩地区以风化料作为坝体填料的主要地质问题;对坝基花岗岩深厚的风化壳、差异风化以及河床冲洪积砂砾卵石层等主要工程地质问题进行了评价;针对主坝、副坝及溢洪道的防渗加固,提出了相应的工程措施。对其他典型花岗岩地区的病险水库工程勘察有一定参考价值。     

砂砾石灌浆在虎头咀泵站围堰防渗中的应用

文章阐述了靖远电厂二期虎头咀泵站围堰防渗工程地质条件、技术参数、过程控制等,通过防渗效果分析,认为围堰防渗中达到了预期目的,表明砂砾石灌浆技术在靖远电厂二期虎头咀泵站围堰防渗工程应用取得了成功,可在类似工程中推广应用.