基于文档文字特征的碎纸机碎片拼接算法

针对经碎纸机粉碎的文档碎片,提出拼接复原的模型并研制了相应的算法。首先研究文档碎片边界像素特征,据此提出碎片横向拼接的两种算法;然后,研究行高、字体间间距以及字体大小等文本特征,据此提出针对经横向拼接形成的水平残条的纵向拼接算法。最后根据算法编写Matlab程序,并进行实验,结果表明该算法效果良好。     

Ultrapyrolysis of automobile shredder residue

A fast pyrolysis (Ultrapyrolysis) process was employed to convert automobile shredder residue (ASR) into chemical products. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 700 and 850°C with residence times between 0.3 and 1.4 seconds. Pyrolysis products included 59 to 68 mass% solid residue, 13 to 23 mass% pyrolysis gas (dry) and 4 to 12 mass% pyrolytic water from a feed containing 39 mass% organic matter and 2 mass% moisture. No measurable amounts of liquid pyrolysis oil were produced. The five most abundant pyrolysis gases, in vol%, were CO (18–29), CO₂ (20–23), CH₄ (17–22), C₂H₄ (20–22) and C₃H₆ (1–11), accounting for more than 90% of the total volume. The use of a higher organic content ASR feed (58 mass%) resulted in less solid residue and more pyrolysis gas. However, no significant changes were noted in the composition of the pyrolysis gas.     

锤式破碎机销轴的疲劳分析及改进措施

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对锤式破碎机上销轴的特性进行了分析,找出了销轴工作过程中最大应力分布规律,揭示了破碎机销轴的断裂机制,并验证了PSX-88104破碎机上的销轴符合疲劳设计强度要求;通过试验验证了最大应力分布规律,并对断裂销轴进行了宏观断口分析,发现其为疲劳断裂。分析表明:定期更改销轴的位置能够有效延长销轴的使用寿命。     

An overview of current processes for the thermochemical treatment of automobile shredder residue

The automobile is a metal-dominated complex product, comprising many different materials, and is therefore a good study case for the modeling of recycling streams based on the classical minerals processing approach. In Europe and in many industrial sectors of the world, end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are collected and partly dismantled. The remaining wreck is shredded. During shredding, the wreck is broken into smaller particles, and so the materials it contains are liberated to some extent. After shredding, the particles are fed to a series of automatic physical separation processes. This results in several recovered material streams: ferrous materials, aluminium, copper, zinc, stainless steel and automotive shredder residue (ASR, which consists of mainly nonmetallic materials). Each stream suffers from some degree of contamination by foreign materials due to imperfect separation processes. It should be noted that thermochemical treatment (pyrolysis, gasification, etc.) of complex organic materials is one of the most promising methods of reducing the impact of solid, municipal and industrial wastes from environmental, storage and landfill perspectives, and it can also be used to produce energy. This review compares thermochemical processes for automobile shredder residues (ASR).     

城市生活垃圾破碎机研究分析

垃圾破碎预处理技术是城市生活垃圾资源化利用的关键。介绍了国内外城市生活垃圾破碎机的技术及应用,分析了城市生活垃圾破碎机的设计要求,阐述了城市生活垃圾破碎机技术的发展趋势。针对目前破碎机存在的问题,设计了一种新型城市生活垃圾破碎机,可破碎混杂垃圾,并通过调节转速来调整破碎后物料的粒径,以期为生活垃圾破碎机的设计、选型提供参考。     

Production of aggregate from non-metallic automotive shredder residues

In this paper, the results of an experimentation on the production of granules suitable to be used as aggregates in cementitious or asphalt mixes are presented and discussed. The granules were obtained by granulating the non-metallic fraction of automotive shredder residues. In a preliminary separation step the fluff fraction containing mainly inert and non-metallic materials was sieved and analyzed for the metal content. In the following granulation step, the sieved fraction was mixed with binding materials, fly ash and a densifier agent, to produce granules of 5-30 mm of diameter and up to 1400 kg/m3 of specific weight. The granulation was carried out at room temperature in a rotating tank. Concrete samples prepared using as aggregates the produced granules showed a specific weight up to 1800 kg/m3 and a compressive strength up to about 55% of reference samples prepared using a calcareous aggregate, depending on the fluff content of the mixes, and on the nature of the binder and of the other components used.     

Preparation of composites based on recycled polypropylene and automotive shredder residue

In past research, mechanical recycling of automotive shredder residue (ASR) has led to serious deterioration of material performance, and real‐scale application in this way still remains a challenge. Here, we report a sustainable approach called solid‐state shear milling (SSSM) for the production of high‐performance polypropylene (PP)/ASR composites with robust mechanical performance on a commercial scale. After the SSSM process, the obtained 50/50 wt% PP/ASR composite exhibited a 41.3% increase in tensile strength, 32.9% increase in flexural strength and 55.0% increase in impact toughness when compared with corresponding composites made by traditional direct melt blending. In particular, the toughness of the material can be improved by further addition of PP grafted with maleic anhydride with toughness comparable to that of recycled PP, and a 325% increase in toughness can be obtained with addition of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride. This PP/ASR composite shows good processability and high thermal stability, and meets the requirements of many applications for nonstructural products. The approach presented in this paper highlights a novel technique for ASR recycling. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modelling of automobile shredder residue recycling in the Japanese legislative context

End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) represent one of the most important waste flows in Japan and 3.58 million was processed only in fiscal year 2008. In an attempt to reduce waste originating from ELVs, the Japanese Government introduced the ELV Recycling Law in 2002. Automobile shredder residue (ASR) recycling is essential to achieving the goals of the ELV Recycling Law and represents a major concern for the Japanese vehicle recycling industry. This paper proposes the tactical ASR recycling planning model, which can be used to assist Japanese vehicle recyclers to improve their profitability and ASR recycling efficiency. A numerical study is conducted in order to illustrate the potentials and applicability of the proposed modelling approach, and to gain insights into the performances of the Japanese vehicle recycling system and into the influence of the ELV Recycling Law. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate and validate the approach and its potentials. ELV Recycling Law influence is found to be crucial for the decision making on ASR recycling, as the 20% increase in valid recycling quota will cause approximately 50% decrease in the quantity of disposed ASR. We show that the stringent ASR recycling quota is easily attainable and present many interesting insights.     

Heavy metals removal from automobile shredder residues (ASR)

The fate of heavy metals during a separation process for automobile shredder residues (ASR) was investigated. A washing method to remove heavy metals from the ASR was also investigated. Although the separation process was not designed for removal of heavy metals, but for the recovery of reusable materials, the heavy metal content in the ASR was efficiently decreased. The concentrations of Pb, Cr and Cd in ASR were effectively reduced by a nonferrous metals removal process, and the As concentration was reduced by the removal of light dusts during the separation process. Five heavy metals (As, Se, Pb, Cr, Cd) remaining in the ASR after the separation process satisfied the content criteria of the Environmental Quality Standards for Soil (EQSS), while the concentrations of As, Se, Pb in the leachate from the remaining ASR did not satisfy the elution criteria of the EQSS. After additional washing of the remaining ASR with a pH 1 acid buffer solution, the As, Se, and Pb concentrations satisfied the EQSS for elution. These results indicate that an ASR residue can be safely recycled after a separation process, followed by washing at acidic pH.     

Rigid polyurethane foams reinforced with ultrafine powder from automotive shredder residue

With the booming of the abandoned cars, automobile shredding residual (ASR) increase sharply in recent years. ASRs contain complex components that are difficult to separate and recycle, causing serious environmental impacts. Herein, we report a new strategy for ASR recycling to prepare high value-added rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) with excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Ultrafine ASR powder with homogeneous domain size and activated functional groups, added to the precursor of RPUFs as reinforcing fillers, was fabricated through solid-state shear milling (S³M) technology. As a nucleating agent, ASR particles can participate in the foaming procedure of RPUFs, which decreased the cell size to ~0.2 mm. Owing to the strong interaction between the ASR and polyurethane matrix, the thermal degradation temperature increased to 246.7°C, 42.4°C higher than the neat one. Inspiringly, the ASR particles can act as reinforcing elements in the cell walls, which can not only increase the compressive strength and modulus to 1.79 and 0.1 MPa respectively, 81% and 71% higher than the neat sample, but also enhance the long-term fatigue resistance of the foam. This strategy achieves the recycling and utilization of ASR, and expands the application scope of RPUFs as well.