Another Perspective on Vocabulary Richness

This article examines the usefulness ofvocabulary richness for authorship attributionand tests the assumption that appropriatemeasures of vocabulary richness can capture anauthor's distinctive style or identity. Afterbriefly discussing perceived and actualvocabulary richness, I show that doubling andcombining texts affects some measures incomputationally predictable but conceptuallysurprising ways. I discuss some theoretical andempirical problems with some measures anddevelop simple methods to test how wellvocabulary richness distinguishes texts bydifferent authors. These methods show thatvocabulary richness is ineffective for largegroups of texts because of the extremevariability within and among them. I concludethat vocabulary richness is of marginal valuein stylistic and authorship studies because thebasic assumption that it constitutes awordprint for authors is false.     

Effects of extreme floods on macroinvertebrate assemblages in tributaries to the Mohawk River,New York,USA

Climate change is forecast to bring more frequent and intense precipitation to New York which has motivated research into the effects of floods on stream ecosystems. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 13 sites in the Mohawk River basin during August 2011, and again in October 2011, following historic floods caused by remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. The annual exceedance probabilities of floods at regional flow‐monitoring sites ranged from 0.5 to 0.001. Data from the first 2 surveys, and from additional surveys done during July and October 2014, were assessed to characterize the severity of flood impacts, effect of seasonality, and recovery. Indices of total taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness; Hilsenhoff's biotic index; per cent model affinity; and nutrient biotic index‐phosphorus were combined to calculate New York State Biological Assessment Profile scores. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine if the Biological Assessment Profile, its component metrics, relative abundance, and diversity differed significantly (p ≤ .05) among the four surveys. Only total taxa richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity increased significantly, and abundance decreased significantly, following the floods. No metrics differed significantly between the July and August 2014 surveys which indicates that the differences denoted between the August and October 2011 surveys were caused by the floods. Changes in taxa richness, EPT richness, and diversity were significantly correlated with flood annual exceedance probabilities. This study increased our understanding of the resistance and resilience of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by showing that their assemblages were relatively impervious to extreme floods across the region.     

Knowledge search and people with high epistemic curiosity

Porter sites have tried to increase their business potentials by helping users easily engage in diverse online activities such as search, entertainment, online communities, and others. Knowledge search engine is one of the most successful killer applications increasing user loyalty. However, most studies have independently focused on search engine technology such as search keyword algorithm, presentation of information and user characteristics such as cognitive style, search experiences, and skill levels. However, these previous studies lack an integrated understanding of causal links among critical factors predicting user motives and intention involving more situation-specific user characteristics. To fill these gaps in the literature, the present study focuses on whether knowledge characteristics such as specialization, preciseness, and diversity, and system characteristics such as interactivity, responsiveness, and communication richness are important in forming user motives and intention. The present study also identifies a moderating role of epistemic curiosity in the links between motives and intention. Two hundred and fifty-five data from Korean university students confirmed that knowledge and services characteristics such as specialty, preciseness, diversity, communication richness improve user motives, which have a positive impact on intention. Epistemic curiosity has a moderating effect on the links between motives and intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed in conclusion.     

Should I e-collaborate with this group? A multilevel model of usage intentions

The use of online collaboration tools for virtual teamwork has been studied extensively, but mainly at the individual-level. We decided to examine the effect of macro-level factors (i.e., team attributes) and applied hierarchical linear modeling analysis to a sample of data collected from 96 individuals nested in 34 virtual teams. Our results suggested that the development of behavioral e-collaboration intentions by individual virtual team members was affected by their perceptions about the system, as described by individual-level IT use theories, and macro-level factors pertaining to the team. The collaboration technology was perceived to be less useful when employed to communicate with social loafers; and collective social loafing negatively influenced the teams’ potency assessments. After controlling for individual-level perceptions of system usefulness, team potency augmented team members’ intentions to use the online collaboration technology with similar teams. It also improved team performance.     

Temporal shifts in the biodiversity of nearshore small fishes in Lake Simcoe

Nearshore small fish species represent a large proportion of fish biodiversity in Lake Simcoe, a large inland lake in southern Ontario, Canada. Over the past 30 years, Lake Simcoe has experienced several changes to its aquatic habitat, benthic invertebrate communities and predatory fish populations. This study compared samples of the nearshore small fish community in three geographic areas of Lake Simcoe. Fish community data were grouped into two time periods: a contemporary period (2007–2009) and a historical period (1982–1995). The fish community was compared across time periods for each area to assess if observed ecological changes had an impact on the small fish community. Species richness significantly declined between time periods in two areas (Cook's Bay and the southeast shoreline), the number of individuals captured declined between time periods in one area of the lake (Kempenfelt Bay) and Simpson's diversity index declined between time periods in one area of the lake (southeast shoreline). There were no significant differences in the Shannon–Weiner evenness index between time periods in any of the study areas. Additional analyses of intra- and inter-annual variation in fish sampling results generally supported the findings that shifts in the fish community occurred between time periods. Overall, this study suggests that the nearshore small fish biodiversity of Lake Simcoe has shifted over time but these shifts are not clearly related to recent increases in water clarity, macrophyte growth and nearshore benthic invertebrate densities.     

The influence of equivocality in purchasing tasks on the selection of transaction channels in online auctions

Online auctions are one of the most active business models used in electronic commerce. Previous researchers address issues of online auction behaviour focusing on the factors influencing bidding intentions, but how bidders choose transaction channels to complete the consumption process is not examined before. This study conducts an experiment to manipulate the equivocality of purchasing task. Results show that when purchasing a product with higher task equivocality, bidders tend to choose a communication channel with higher information richness, and select a payment and product delivery channel with lower risk. When purchasing a product with lower task equivocality, bidders tend to select a communication channel with lower information richness, and tolerate higher risk to complete the payment and product delivery process.     

基于外延特征的栅格地图噪声去除算法

为了既能去除彩色城市交通地图的噪声，又能保持有用信息不致损失，在对彩色地图进行像素分类、聚类的基础上，提出了一种基于外延特征的栅格地图噪声去除新算法，该算法首先以所处理的噪声像素为原点建立一个极坐标，再通过8方向搜索来获得噪声像素的外延特征；然后按照“无偏”聚类准则与“有偏”聚类准则，确定该噪声点对道路或区域的新聚类。实验结果表明，该新方法不仅完全去除了地图中的噪声，而且使区域和道路界限分明。     

沈阳市建成区树种结构分析

通过对沈阳市建成区城市树木的调查分析发现。沈阳市的各土地利用类型中的树木种类和数量分布不均匀，其中。被调查的2．56块样地中每公顷树种≤5种的样地有113块。占总调查样地的44．14％；每公顷≤lO株的样地共43块．占总样地的16．80％。利用树种多度重要性排序及累积贡献率获得了不同土地类型中的主要树种。多个生物多样性指数表明．公园性质绿地的树种多样性最高．企事业单位用地与居住区用地次之．街道类用地较低。而商业金融用地最低。在此基础上对沈阳市的树种发展提出建议。     

基于角色的“注意”类心理常识的获取及表示

为了使机算机实现真正的拟人化,使机器具有人类的一些基本的心理常识是一个至关重要的问题。近年来,对于心理常识的研究已成为人工智能领域研究的热点,但已有的工作主要集中在小范围内,对于一些典型的心理状态或情绪的笼统的抽象分析,以及情感的计算方面,并没有对于引起特定心理状态产生的前提事件和原因做出系统的研究和考察。为了使计算机真正“理解”人类的心理,需要建立一个大规模的关于真实世界中人类的心理现象的常识性知识库。本文借鉴了心理学研究的若干方法,通过对一种特殊的心理常识——“注意”类常识的详尽探讨,从Internet上的海量文本资源中将真实世界中“注意”产生情境提取出来,经过加工整理形成一条条关于“注意”产生场景的命识,并在此基础上形成了一个基于角色的描述“注意”类心理状态成因的表示框架,同时提供了一种对常识库进行一致性检查的方法。     

一种建立中文概念分类关系的新算法

该文总结了本体概念之间的分类关系研究现状,提出了一个通用且独立于领域的自底向上建立中文概念之间的分类关系的分级模型和算法,算法充分考虑了中文自身的特点,通过生成领域词汇的语义森林并利用现有的语义词典或机读词典进行语义森林的整合。通过实验得到了比较完整的概念间的分类关系,由此证明算法是可行的和有效的。