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下部钻具组合力学性能分析中,稳定器与井壁的间隙是影响其性能的重要因素。对于多稳定器组合,事先设定稳定器与井壁接触情况既困难也不准确。本文从有限单元的基本总势能表达式出发,采用最优化理论中的罚函数法,分析了稳定器间隙对下部钻具力学性能的影响,为解决稳定器与井壁的接触问题找到了一个新方向。     

气体钻井轨道易斜原因及对策

气体钻井能有效地保护低压油气层和提高钻进速度,在地质条件适合的区域获得了比较广泛的应用。实践中发现,钻井液钻进时的有效的防斜钻具组合和钻进参数在气体钻进时,效果不佳。分析了钻压、钻井流体密度对钻具增斜能力的影响。研究表明,钻井流体密度降低使钻进速度增加,钻进速度增加使近钻头稳定器下沉量减小,近钻头稳定器下沉量减小导致增斜能力增强,是钻井液钻进时的有效的防斜钻具组合和钻进参数在气体钻进时效果不佳的主要原因。提出了气体钻井的防斜措施。     

Food Additives Reducing Volatility of Antioxidants at Frying Temperature

At frying temperature, antioxidants are lost not only by reaction with radicals formed by oil oxidation but also by decomposition and evaporation before they are able to exert antioxidant activity. In this study, it was hypothesized that an additive that can bind or interact with an antioxidant could reduce volatility of the antioxidant at frying temperature. Three synthetic antioxidants, tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which have relatively high volatility, were used as antioxidants in this study to examine the hypothesis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments showed that all 22 additives tested in this study effectively reduced volatility of the antioxidants. An NMR study showed that signals of BHT shifted by addition of an additive, evidencing the interaction between the two substances in the chloroform solution. To examine the effect of these interactions on antioxidant activity, heating tests were conducted with soybean oil (SBO) containing 200 ppm antioxidants at 180 °C. Oxidation was monitored with ¹H NMR for loss of olefinic protons and bisallylic protons in SBO and with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for polymerized triacylglycerols (PTAG). Improved antioxidant activity of the antioxidants were observed when combined with several additives tested in this study, and HPLC analysis showed that the antioxidants were effectively reserved by the additives in SBO during the heating process. The concentrations of the antioxidants retained in SBO were relatively well correlated with the antioxidant activity.     

Dendrimer as nanocarrier for drug delivery

Dendrimers are novel three dimensional, hyperbranched globular nanopolymeric architectures. Attractive features like nanoscopic size, narrow polydispersity index, excellent control over molecular structure, availability of multiple functional groups at the periphery and cavities in the interior distinguish them amongst the available polymers. Applications of dendrimers in a large variety of fields have been explored. Drug delivery scientists are especially enthusiastic about possible utility of dendrimers as drug delivery tool. Terminal functionalities provide a platform for conjugation of the drug and targeting moieties. In addition, these peripheral functional groups can be employed to tailor-make the properties of dendrimers, enhancing their versatility. The present review highlights the contribution of dendrimers in the field of nanotechnology with intent to aid the researchers in exploring dendrimers in the field of drug delivery.     

Identification of In Vitro Metabolites of Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants BHT,BHA, and TBHQ by LC-HRMS/MS

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and its analogs, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tert-butyl-hydroquinone (TBHQ), are widely used synthetic preservatives to inhibit lipid oxidation in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Despite their widespread use, little is known about their human exposure and related biotransformation products. The metabolism of these compounds was investigated using in vitro incubations with human and rat liver fractions. Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was employed to detect and characterize stable and reactive species formed via oxidative metabolism, as well as phase II conjugates. Several oxidative metabolites have been detected, as well as glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates, many of which were not previously reported. A combination of accurate mass measurements, MS/MS fragmentation behavior, and isotope-labeling studies were used to elucidate metabolite structures.     

偏轴钻具组合防斜打快的强度分析

针对偏轴防斜打快技术中所用的钻具组合的受力状态复杂,对整个钻柱系统的安全性有较大影响的问题,考虑安全、有效的钻井施工特别需要对偏轴接头及接头附近的钻铤强度进行分析,找出钻具组合的危险点,以便于校核钻具组合的强度和改进偏轴钻具组合的结构设计的实际.以下部钻柱为研究对象,将钻头以上部分分成多个梁单元,进行结构离散,建立力学模型,采用有限元分析方法,进行偏轴接头强度分析.研究表明,偏轴钻具防斜钻具组合的最大复合应力发生在偏轴接头与下部钻铤的结合部位,主要由弯曲载荷和轴向力产生.在应力最危险部位,应特别注意钻具的强度安全问题.     

A finite element model for analyzing horizontal well BHA behavior

Horizontal wells are proven to be better producers because they can be extended for a long distance in the pay zone. Engineers have the technical means to forecast the well productivity for a given horizontal length. However, experiences have shown that the actual production rate is often significantly less than that of forecasted. There are a number of reasons for the discrepancy of predicted to actual production rates in horizontal wells. However, it is a difficult task, if not impossible, to identify the real reason why a horizontal well is not producing what was forecasted. Often, the source of problem lies in the drilling of horizontal section such as permeability reduction in the pay zone due to mud invasion or snaky well patterns created during drilling. Although drillers aim to drill a constant inclination hole once in the pay zone, the more frequent outcome is a sinusoidal wellbore trajectory.Logging while drilling (LWD) and real time measurement of resistivity at bit help drill in the pay zone by constant monitoring of borehole trajectory and formation boundaries. Rotary steerable tools (RTS) allow spontaneous intervention to drilling direction and inclination if run with LWD tools. Nevertheless, there are still many cases where LWD cannot be deployed due to technical difficulties. One such case was noticed in the Middle East where LWD sensors were worn out completely during 1 h run time due to extreme formation abrasiveness. In the absence of LWD and RTS, it becomes a challenging task to drill a constant inclination borehole which will be addressed in this paper.The two factors, which play an important role in wellbore tortuosity, are the inclination and side force at bit. A constant inclination horizontal well can only be drilled if the bit face is maintained perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of bottom hole assembly (BHA) while keeping the side force nil at the bit. This approach assumes that there exists no formation force at bit. Hence, an appropriate BHA can be designed if bit side force and bit tilt are determined accurately.Finite element method (FEM) used in this study determines the bit side force and bit tilt simultaneously. The FEM is superior to existing analytical techniques because it can accommodate many more independent parameters which otherwise cannot be taken into account. As a matter of fact, it is believed that oversimplification of actual physical phenomena with unacceptable assumptions is the major source of error with existing BHA designs.This paper presents an FEM technique in assessing the bit tilt and side forces and compares the results with the existing techniques.     

φ139.7套管内侧钻水平井弯螺杆钻具通过能力分析

考虑φ139．7套管内侧钻水平井环空间隙小，基率大等因素，应用间隙元法对下部钻具组合进行非线性静力学分析，求得钻具的变形，应力，摩阻力的接触力，结合φ139．7套管内弯螺杆钻具的提放试验结果，建立了弯螺杆钻具组合通过能力的判定条件和计算公式，并在大庆油田侧钻水平井中得到应用和验证。     

偏轴防斜钻具的研究及试验

偏轴防斜钻具是一种新型的防斜钻具.分析了偏轴防斜钻具的工作原理,设计出了241.3 mm井眼用偏轴接头,并优选了技术参数.研究设计的偏轴钻具组合在辽河油田进了现场试验,取得了明显的效果,控制了井斜,又保持了较高的机械钻速.