Mixed oxide supported hydrodesulfurization catalysts—a review

Support effects form important aspect of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) studies and mixed oxide supports received maximum attention in the last two decades. This review will focus attention on studies on mixed oxide supported Mo and W catalysts. For convenience of discussion, these are divided into Al₂O₃ containing mixed oxide supports, TiO₂ containing mixed oxide supports, ZrO₂ containing mixed oxide supports and other mixed oxide supports containing all the rest. TiO₂ containing mixed oxides received maximum attention, especially TiO₂–Al₂O₃ supported catalysts. A brief discussion about their prospects for application to ultradeep desulfurization is also included. An overview of the available literature with emphasis on research carried out in our laboratory form the contents of this publication.     

Deposition of CoO onto MoO3/Al2O3 hydrodesulfurization catalysts by solvent assisted spreading

Solvent assisted spreading of CoO over monolayer MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts has been studied. CoCO₃ · Co(OH)₂ and CoCO₃ reacted with MoO₃/Al₂O₃ in water slurries. CoO deposition over MoO₃/Al₂O₃ extrudates was followed by EPMA. In the set of eleven MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the amount of CoO adsorbed was roughly proportional to the surface area of MoO₃ monolayer. The adsorbed Co species efficiently enhanced the HDS activity.     

Maya crude hydrodemetallization and hydrodesulfurization catalysts: An effect of TiO2 incorporation in Al2O3

Hydrotreating of Maya heavy crude oil over high specific surface area CoMo/TiO₂–Al₂O₃ oxide supported catalysts was studied in an integral reactor close to industrial practice. Activity studies were carried out with Maya crude hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodemetallization (HDM), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and hydrodeasphaltenization (HDAs) reactions. The effect of support composition, the method of TiO₂ incorporation, and the catalyst deactivation are examined. Supported catalysts are characterized by BET specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV), pore size distribution (PSD), and atomic absorption. It has been found that sulfided catalysts showed a wide range of activity variation with TiO₂ incorporation into the alumina, which confirmed that molybdenum sulfided active phases strongly depend on the nature of support. The pore diameter and nature of the active site for HDS, HDM, HDN, and HDAs account for the influence of the large reactant molecules restricted diffusion into the pore, and/or the decrease in the number of active sites due to the MoS₂ phases buried with time-on-stream. The textural properties and hysteresis loop area of supported and spent catalysts indicated that catalysts were deactivated at the pore mouth due to the metal and carbon depositions. The atomic absorption results agreed well regarding the textural properties of spent catalysts. Thus, incorporation of TiO₂ with γ-Al₂O₃ alters the nature of active metal interaction with support, which may facilitate the dispersion of active phases on the support surface. Therefore, the TiO₂ counterpart plays a promoting role to HDS activity due to the favorable morphology of MoS₂ phases and metal support interaction.     

Removal of refractory S-containing compounds from liquid fuels on novel bifunctional CoMo/HMS catalysts modified with Ti

This study shows that titanium incorporation into hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) material has a positive effect on the activity of supported CoMo catalysts in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4-ethyl,6-methyl-dibenzothiophene (4E6MDBT). All catalysts showed the highest activity in the HDS of DBT than in the HDS of 4E6MDBT. The low reactivity observed in the HDS of 4E6MDBT is caused by the steric hindrance of the two alkyl groups at positions 4 and 6. The HDS of DBT over Ti-free catalyst proceeds exclusively via the direct desulfurization (DDS) route whereas over Ti-containing catalysts proceed via DDS (main route) and hydrogenation (HYD) pathway. The catalyst with a Si/Ti = 40 (molar ratio) was the most active in the HDS of DBT. A further increase in the Ti-content led to a decrease in Brønsted acidity and the S_BET specific area of the catalysts, which implies a decrease in the bifunctional character of the catalysts. Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that Ti-incorporation into HMS material leads to a decrease in the degree of polymerization of Mo species, and this implies a better dispersion of MoS₂, in good agreement with the XPS measurements. Regarding the HDS-resistant 4E6MDBT, the HDS reaction over the Ti-free catalyst was found to proceed exclusively via the dealkylation (DA) route. After Ti-incorporation into HMS material, additional acid-catalyzed isomerization occurs. With respect to industrial sample, the catalyst with Si/Ti = 40 showed lower intrinsic activity as well as greater selectivity toward isomerization route products.     

Cobalt-Molybdenum Sulfide Catalysts Prepared by In Situ Activation of Bimetallic (Co-Mo) Alkylthiomolybdates

Unsupported cobalt-molybdenum sulfide catalysts were prepared from bimetallic CoMo alkyl precursors by in situ activation during the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT). The bimetallic CoMo precursors were prepared by reaction of tetraalkylammonium thiomolybdate salts, (R₄N)₂MoS₄ (where R = H, methyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl), with CoCl₂ in water at a Co/Mo molar ratio of 0.3. These catalysts exhibit a Swiss-cheese-like morphology, high surface areas (from 52 up to 320 m²/g), high content of carbon (C/Mo = 2.2-3.3) and type IV adsorption-desorption isotherms of nitrogen. The in situ activation of these tetraalkylammonium thiobimetalate precursors leads to a mesoporous structure with pore size ranging from 2 to 4.5 nm. X-ray diffraction showed that the structure of unsupported cobalt-molybdenum sulfide catalysts corresponds to a poorly crystalline structure characteristic of 2H-MoS₂ with low-stacked layers. The nature of the alkyl group strongly affects both the surface area and the HDS activity. The catalytic activity is strongly enhanced when using carbon-containing precursors; the CoMo catalysts prepared by in situ activation of Co/[N(C₄H₉)₄]₂MoS₄ presents the highest HDS activity. The highest surface area of the catalysts was observed for the CoMo catalyst formed from Co/[N(C₆H₁₃)₄N]₂MoS₄.     

甲醇气相羰化非铑非卤素新催化体系研究 Ⅰ.硫化的CoMo/C系催化剂制备

制备了一系列硫化的负载型ＣｏＭｏ催化剂，在没有添加任何卤素作促进剂的情况下，研究了它们的甲醇气相羰化性能。实验表明，活性炭是最佳载体；硫化的Ｍｏ／Ｃ本身无羰化活性，但能促进甲醇的转化，Ｃｏ有利于羰化产物生成；Ｃｏ、Ｍｏ质量含量各为１０％时，硫化的ＣｏＭｏ／Ｃ催化剂具有较好的活性与选择性；反应温度为３００℃时，催化剂的羰化活性最高。当空速为１６００Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）、甲醇进料浓度为８．４ｍｏｌ％时，甲醇转化率达３１．５％，醋酸甲酯时空收率高达０．５６９ｍｏｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）。     

Dibenzothiophene HDS Over Sulphided CoMo on High‐Silica USY Zeolites

USY faujasites (SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 12, 30 and 80) were used as hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalyst supports. Mo, Co and P were impregnated at two concentrations: ～12.5, ～3 and ～1.6 mass %; ～18, ～5.5 and ～2.2 mass % (CL and HL series, respectively). Surface acidity decreased after Co‐Mo‐P deposition. Sulphided catalysts were tested in dibenzothiophene (DBT) HDS (320°C, 5.59 MPa). The HDS rate slightly increased with both SiO₂ content and Co‐Mo‐P loading. High selectivity to hydrogenated products suggested deficient Mo promotion in CL solids. Improved Mo promotion by Co (HL series) could be responsible for higher activity and marked selectivity to desulphurization to biphenyl.     

噻吩模拟油对炭改性Co-Mo催化剂的硫化

 采用Co(Ac)₂、(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O和乙二胺的浓氨水溶液共浸渍γ-Al₂O₃载体,制备适合于含硫原料油硫化活化的炭改性Co-Mo催化剂。炭改性Co-Mo催化剂用噻吩模拟原料油硫化后脱硫活性与对照Co-Mo催化剂用DMDS硫化的脱硫活性相当。由于添加物乙二胺和Co²⁺形成络合物,推迟了Co²⁺的硫化,使活性金属Mo在Co之前完成硫化,这有利于助剂Co²⁺迁移到已形成的MoS₂活性相的侧边形成Co-Mo-S活性结构。在硫化过程中,醋酸和乙二胺的碳化,减弱了载体与活性金属的相互作用,使活性金属Mo更容易硫化。醋酸和乙二胺的共同作用,促成了对催化剂的碳改性,改善了催化剂噻吩模拟油硫化的效果。     

络合剂添加对CoMo催化剂加氢脱硫选择性的影响

以ZSM-5-Al2O3复合物为载体制备了系列添加络合剂柠檬酸、氮川三乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸和环己二胺四乙酸的CoMo负载型催化剂,考察络合剂对CoMo催化剂加氢脱硫选择性的影响,并采用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、H2-程序升温还原、NH3-程序升温脱附、高分辨透射电镜、27Al固体高分辨核磁共振及X射线光电子能谱等手段进行表征。结果表明：催化剂制备过程中添加的络合剂优先与Co及载体中的Al络合,该络合作用可降低金属组分的还原温度,提高Mo的硫化度,增加催化剂活性中心数目。将络合剂引入催化剂后,MoS2片晶堆垛层数和MoS2片晶长度均增加,但 MoS2片晶堆垛层数对脱硫的促进作用占据主导地位,致使络合剂改性催化剂的脱硫活性增加幅度大于烯烃饱和活性增加幅度。