井壁失稳风险的可靠度理论评价方法

国内外学者针对井壁稳定的问题已经开展了较为深入的研究,建立了多种经验模型、解析模型和数值模拟方法,但针对输入参数的不确定性及其对井壁稳定分析结果影响的研究则较少、认识尚不明确。为此,以井壁稳定力学解析模型为基础,结合可靠度理论下的一次二阶矩方法,建立了基于可靠度理论的井壁失稳风险评价方法,研究了不同钻井液当量密度下的井壁稳定可靠概率,并考察了参数不确定程度对井壁稳定分析结果的影响规律。研究结果表明:①井壁稳定输入参数的分布规律基本满足正态分布,变异系数越高,则样本数据的不确定性越强,对井壁稳定分析结果的影响将更加显著;②随着钻井液当量密度的增加,井壁垮塌的概率逐渐降低,但井壁被压漏的概率也逐渐增加,在井壁坍塌和破裂可靠概率曲线交点以下能够找到一个合适的安全窗口;③各地质因素不确定性对井眼稳定的影响顺序为:地应力孔隙压力岩石强度。结论认为,在井壁稳定分析中准确确定地应力的大小、降低其不确定程度的影响,可以提高井壁稳定评价的准确性。     

反倾岩石边坡变形破坏试验及有限元分析

根据相似理论建立地质力学模型,研究反倾层状边坡岩体的变形破坏机制。介绍了模型试验的设计和过程,研究了原型边坡的变形破坏机制和岩层倾角对边坡稳定性的影响。同时进行了Ansys模拟计算。通过比较这两种研究方法的结果,发现反倾层状边坡岩体的变形机制为倾倒变形,破坏模式为弯折破坏;破坏首先在坡顶产生,边坡变形加速的过程是在开挖结束一段时间后才出现;岩层倾角的变化对反倾边坡的变形影响不敏感,但对边坡变形加速持续时间的长短有较大的影响,岩层倾角越小,变形加速所持续的时间越长。     

Dynamic Collapse Mechanisms in Metal Foam Expansion

The study provides insight into decomposition of titanium hydride as foaming agent for powder metallurgically produced aluminum foams. Decomposition is characterized using thermal and kinetic analysis, allowing prediction of decomposition reactions. Such predictions are made for various time–temperature cycles, which are experimentally evaluated in parallel foaming experiments. A new explanation of foam collapse is derived from the results, which interprets hints at a maximum gas release rate, limiting maximum expansion, in terms of the existence of a maximum cell wall stretching rate and expanding foam can sustain. Thus a dynamic collapse criterion is added to existing static ones.     

The culture gap and its needed closures

The development of an enormous culture gap, in which no individuals of advanced societies possess even a billionth of the non‐genetic information possessed by their entire society, has threatened a global collapse of civilisation. Critical parts of that gap must be rapidly bridged so that problems such as climate disruption, toxification of the Earth, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the decay of the epidemiological environment can be satisfactorily attacked. The essential need is to alter human behaviour to put society on a route to sustainability; one cheering development is a growing interest in the Millennium Assessment of Human Behaviour (MAHB), whose goal is to do just that.     

超高回采巷道顶部柔膜袋快速充填技术

针对阳泉煤业集团南庄煤矿8836运输巷局部超高,威胁安全生产的问题,实测了3个充填区域,设计了顶部柔膜袋快速充填方案,并进行了现场试验。结果表明:高水充填材料具备速凝早强特性,2 h强度1.25 MPa,28 d强度3.98 MPa,材料消耗约305 kg/m^3;效果考察表明,在工作面超前区,充填体下方单体柱受力均匀、明显,充填体接顶充分,工作面后方充填体垮落效果良好,未形成悬顶。     

Determination of porosity change from shrinkage curves during drying of food material

Based on a very simple model of mass conservation, three experimental properties (solid density, liquid density and initial bulk density) and the simultaneous acquisition of the reduced moisture content and the volume shrinkage during drying, a simple method is proposed to calculate the bulk porosity of a material during drying. This model allows a graphical interpretation to visualize the porosity change by comparing the experimental shrinkage curve with an ideal shrinkage curve. In the present work, several examples were taken from the literature to illustrate the application of this method to foodstuffs (apple, banana, carrot, garlic, pear, potato and sweet potato) with two different processes (convective drying, freeze-drying) and different drying conditions. Porosity calculations including error estimations showed a good agreement with experimental values reported in the literature.     

Interaction of richlocain with some linear and crosslinked polymers

The interaction of local anesthetic drug richlocain with linear polyacrylic acid and crosslinked sodium polyacrylate, linear and crosslinked acrylic acid-Schiff base copolymers has been investigated. The compositions of forming polymer-drug complexes were determined. The influence of external factors such as pH, ionic strength, temperature and thermodynamic quality of solvent on the stability of these complexes was studied. The kinetics and activation energy of drug release from the gel matrix has been evaluated.     

A novel method of studying the collapsed cell of eucalyptus wood using X-ray CT scanning

Abstract

Collapse is the severest defect for collapse-prone species used as solid wood product materials. Previous study focused on the morphological structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the change of the collapsed cells during the drying processes. The multi planar reconstruction by X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning provided a new method for cell microstructure observation. In this study, cell collapse of Eucalyptus urophylla were observed by SEM and X-ray CT scanning during the continuous and intermittent drying process. The cell shapes, cell types, cell collapsed quantities and the shrinkage curves were determined. The results demonstrated that layered scanning technique by X-ray CT scanning provided a top-down approach to investigate the structure in depth at different layers in a fast and nondestructive way. Compared with SEM observation, this approach emphasized more specific aspects and information for collapse quantitative analysis. Quantitative analysis of collapsed cells by X-ray CT scanning not only indicated the cell deformation but quantified the extent of cells collapse. The shrinkage rate was also measured by calculating the areas change in porosity at tissue level before and after drying through X-ray CT scanning. It indicates that intermittent drying process may decrease the extent of cell collapse or accelerate the recovery of collapsed cells. These results further confirm that the X-ray CT scanning provides another effective method for wood cell collapse study at the morphological level.     

软弱破碎围岩深埋隧道拱顶渐进性塌方机理及控制

隧道拱顶塌方事故是近年来隧道施工中造成重大人员伤亡的主要事故类型,危害极大,因此必须掌握隧道拱顶塌方发生机理和演化规律、制定科学有效的控制对策,为塌方事故的防治提供依据。基于上限变分法,建立深埋地层中隧道拱顶塌方模型,研究隧道拱顶塌方范围及其影响因素,进一步建立软弱破碎围岩隧道拱顶渐进性塌方模型,推导渐进性塌方范围全过程曲线,并与模型试验结果进行对比。据此提出了拱顶塌方事故的安全性控制措施,揭示预控制、过程控制两类措施下拱顶塌方安全性控制机理和承载特性,提出支护措施的围岩荷载确定方法。结果表明：隧道塌方宽度L随着初始粘聚力c0和单轴抗拉强度σt的增大而增大,随着重度γ和非线性系数m的增大而减小;隧道塌方高度h1随着抗拉强度σt和非线性系数m的增大而增大,随着初始粘聚力c0和围岩重度γ的增大而减小;基于渐进性塌方过程中围岩物理力学参数逐渐减弱的特性,建立了考虑围岩粘聚力和抗拉强度衰减的隧道拱顶渐进性塌方模型;根据控制机理和目标,将拱顶塌方控制措施分为预控制措施和过程控制措施;围岩的形变荷载和总荷载随着塌方荷载的增大而增大。相关研究成果将为隧道拱顶塌方的预测及安全性控制提供借鉴。     

Experimental evidence of concurrent compositional and structural instabilities leading to ω precipitation in titanium-molybdenum alloys

The ω phase is commonly observed in many commercial β or near-β titanium alloys on rapidly cooling from the single β phase field and also during subsequent isothermal annealing. However, the crystallographic formation mechanism for the ω particles is hitherto unclear/under discussion. The present study primarily focuses on ω precipitation within the β (body-centered cubic (bcc)) matrix of simple model binary titanium-molybdenum (Ti-Mo) alloys. It provides direct experimental evidence of the formation of ω-like embryos from competing compositional and structural instabilities arising in the bcc lattice of Ti-Mo alloys during rapid cooling from the high-temperature single β phase field. The displacive partial collapse of the {1 1 1} planes of the parent bcc structure within compositionally phase-separated regions containing several at.% less of Mo, forming ω-like embryos, has been conclusively shown by coupling aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy with atom probe tomography observations. Growth and coarsening of these ω-like embryos take place during subsequent isothermal annealing, accompanied with both a completion of the collapse of the {1 1 1} β planes leading to a fully developed ω structure as well as rejection of Mo from these precipitates, resulting in near-equilibrium compositions.