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排序方式: 共有794条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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无磷洗涤剂的现状及存在问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
含磷洗涤剂中含的“磷”主要是STPP,作用很大但对环境的危害也很大,它是造成地表水体出现富营养化的重要原因之一,所以许多地方政府都在实行“禁磷”——禁止销售、使用含磷洗涤剂。现在我国使用的无磷洗涤剂中代磷助剂主要有3种,其中4A沸石用量最大,但它会对环境带来新的问题。主要介绍了含磷洗涤剂的危害及无磷洗涤剂的应用现状,指出了我国禁磷后将面临的问题。 相似文献
4.
A study on the prediction of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and pressure drop of refrigerant mixtures is reported. HTCs and pressure drops of prospective mixtures to replace R12 and R22 are predicted on the same cooling capacity basis. Results indicate that nucleate boiling is suppressed at qualities greater than 20.0% for all mixtures and evaporation becomes the main heat transfer mechanism. For the same capacity, some mixtures containing R32 and R152a show 8.0–10.0% increase in HTCs. Some mixtures with large volatility difference exhibit as much as 55.0% reduction compared with R12 and R22, caused by mass transfer resistance and property degradation due to mixing (32.0%) and reduced mass flow rates (23.0%). Other mixtures with moderate volatility difference exhibit 20.0–30.0% degradation due mainly to reduced mass flow rates. The overall impact of heat transfer degradation, however, is insignificant if major heat transfer resistance exists in the heat transfer fluid side (air system). If the resistance in the heat transfer fluid side is of the same order of magnitude as that on the refrigerant side (water system), considerable reduction in overall HTC of up to 20% is expected. A study of the effect of uncertainties in transport properties on heat transfer shows that transport properties of liquid affect heat transfer more than other properties. Uncertainty of 10.0% in transport properties causes a change of less than 6% in heat transfer prediction. 相似文献
5.
浅析中央空调系统替代制冷剂的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
田国庆 《制冷空调与电力机械》2002,23(2):25-27
根据大气臭氧层耗损和温室气体对全球气候变化的影响,分析了中央空调系统几种替代制冷剂的特性,探讨了在实际使用中如何进行替代制冷剂的选择。 相似文献
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Mike Barbeck Marie-Luise Schrder Said Alkildani Ole Jung Ronald E. Unger 《International journal of molecular sciences》2021,22(9)
In addition to their chemical composition various physical properties of synthetic bone substitute materials have been shown to influence their regenerative potential and to influence the expression of cytokines produced by monocytes, the key cell-type responsible for tissue reaction to biomaterials in vivo. In the present study both the regenerative potential and the inflammatory response to five bone substitute materials all based on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), but which differed in their physical characteristics (i.e., granule size, granule shape and porosity) were analyzed for their effects on monocyte cytokine expression. To determine the effects of the physical characteristics of the different materials, the proliferation of primary human osteoblasts growing on the materials was analyzed. To determine the immunogenic effects of the different materials on human peripheral blood monocytes, cells cultured on the materials were evaluated for the expression of 14 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF, RANTES, IL-12p40, I-CAM, IL-4, V-CAM, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MIP-1α, Il-8 and MCP-1 using a Bio-Plex® Multiplex System. The granular shape of bone substitutes showed a significant influence on the osteoblast proliferation. Moreover, smaller pore sizes, round granular shape and larger granule size increased the expression of GM-CSF, RANTES, IL-10 and IL-12 by monocytes, while polygonal shape and the larger pore sizes increased the expression of V-CAM. The physical characteristics of a bone biomaterial can influence the proliferation rate of osteoblasts and has an influence on the cytokine gene expression of monocytes in vitro. These results indicate that the physical structure of a biomaterial has a significant effect of how cells interact with the material. Thus, specific characteristics of a material may strongly affect the regenerative potential in vivo. 相似文献
8.
杨忠 《精细与专用化学品》2002,10(15):13-14,18
国内外主要的ODS替代品有HFC—134a、120系列产品、HFC-32、HFC-152a等。其中HFC-134a广泛用于汽车和冰箱行业,全球生产能力达到19.4万t/a,我国市场消费量已经超过1000t/a。目前国内还没有开展全面的ODS替代工作,所以用量不大,几乎全部依赖进口。随着2010年停用ODS期限的临近,国内应从市场调研、产品开发等各方面做好建设ODS替代品项目的工作。 相似文献
9.
Iwata 《Algorithmica》2008,36(4):331-341
Abstract. This paper presents a new algorithm for computing the maximum degree δ
k
(A) of a minor of order k in a matrix pencil A(s) . The problem is of practical significance in the field of numerical analysis and systems control.
The algorithm adopts a general framework of ``combinatorial relaxation' due to Murota. It first solves the weighted bipartite
matching problem to obtain an estimate
on δ
k
(A) , and then checks if the estimate is correct, exploiting the optimal dual solution. In case of incorrectness, it modifies
the matrix pencil A(s) to improve the estimate
without changing δ
k
(A) .
The present algorithm performs this matrix modification by an equivalence transformation with constant matrices, whereas
the previous one uses biproper rational function matrices. Thus the present approach saves memory space and reduces the running
time bound by a factor of rank A . 相似文献
10.
CO2制冷剂及其跨临界循环系统的开发与研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
从CO2制冷剂的研究背景出发,通过对其作为制冷剂的历史回顾,主要介绍了CO2制冷剂再开发的目的、特点以及应用和研究方向;对国内在该领域的开发与研究进行了归纳和总结,指出了CO2跨临界循环系统今后的研究和发展方向. 相似文献