四气门汽油机缸内气流运动LDA测量结果的小波分析方法

主要采用小波分析方法研究了四气门汽油机缸内空气运动的频率结构。在一台四气门汽油机上 ,使用激光多普勒测速仪 (L DA)在倒拖工况下测量了气缸内的滚流运动 ,使用了 MATL AB 5 .1数学工具包中的小波分析方法对试验结果进行数据处理 ,得到了时域和频域分解速度信息。从这些信息中可以清楚地看到滚流 (低频湍流 )在压缩末期破碎并形成高频湍流的现象     

INTEGRATING ALBEMARLE RESOLVE DESULFURIZATION TECHNOLOGY WITH NOVEL PETRO-CANADA PROCESS CONCEPTS IN COMMERCIAL FCCU OPERATIONS

The gasoline and distillate sulfur regulations promulgated throughout the world to reduce tail-pipe emissions are now strongly impacting refinery operations and investments. FCC gasoline is recognized as the principal contributor of sulfur to the gasoline pool and has become the focus for meeting the new specifications. The difficulty in removing sterically hindered sulfur species in the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) cycle oil drives up the hydrogen and investment costs for treating the distillates. Although installation of pre- and post-treatment facilities is planned by many refiners, other non-capital approaches such as undercutting are being evaluated to meet interim and future sulfur levels. Even when expensive treatment facilities are installed, operating costs can be lowered and the flexibility of the facility increased with improvements in the ability to remove sulfur in the FCCU. In this article, we detail Petro-Canada's experience in integrating Albemarle's RESOLVE sulfur reduction technology with a combination of innovative process ideas. These concepts include heavy naphtha recycle, coprocessing of hydrogen donor feeds, and recycle of light cycle oil (LCO) to a specially designed stripper reactor. Special attention is paid to the interaction of deep FCC feed hydrodesulfurization with the FCC performance. The results demonstrate that very low FCC gasoline sulfur levels can be achieved without significant capital investment through novel approaches to recycle, creative integration of cat feed hydrotreating unit (CFHTU)-FCCU designs and operations, and application of state-of-the-art sulfur reduction additive technology. An added benefit of the RESOLVE 950 sulfur reduction technology is the substantial elimination of sulfur oxides in the FCC flue gas. This has been observed in Petro-Canada operations and numerous other RESOLVE 950 applications around the world.     

Gasoline composition determined by H NMR spectroscopy

A fast and simple ¹H NMR spectroscopic method was developed for the concentration measurement of aromatic, olefinic and aliphatic fractions in gasoline samples. Simultaneously, individual components such as benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether and several dienes could be determined. The method relies on only a few, well-established assumptions about the molecular compositions and is therefore applicable to a broad range of gasolines. It is well suited for laboratories with high sample throughput since measurement time is short and all concentrations are determined within one NMR experiment. The method was applied to commercial gasolines and samples used in European round robin tests. Comparisons of NMR and round robin test results showed excellent agreement.     

Gasoline quality prediction using gas chromatography and FTIR spectroscopy: An artificial intelligence approach

This paper reports on analysis of 45 gasoline samples with different qualities, namely, octane number and chemical composition. Measurements of data from gas chromatography and IR (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to gasoline quality prediction and classification. The data were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and fuzzy C means (FCM) algorithm. The data were then analyzed following the neural network paradigms, hybrid neural network and support vector machines (SVM) classifier. The IR spectra were compressed and de-noised by the discrete wavelet analysis. Using the hybrid neural network and multi linear regression method (MLRM), excellent correlation between chemical composition of the gasoline samples and predicted value of the octane number was obtained. About 100% correct classification for six different categories of the gasoline was achieved, each of which has different qualities.     

The taxation effect on gasoline price asymmetry nexus: Evidence from both sides of the Atlantic

This paper explores the degree of competition in various gasoline markets and infers possible causes of price asymmetry across the globe. For this purpose we use the Dynamic Ordinary Least Square method in order to estimate price asymmetry in twelve European countries and the United States for a sample of weekly observations which spans the period from June 1996 to August 2011. The results indicate the common perception that less competitive gasoline markets exhibit price asymmetry, while highly competitive gasoline markets follow a symmetric price adjustment path. Finally, the inclusion of taxes (VAT and excise tax) into retail gasoline prices, supports the existence of price asymmetry in many European countries.     

甲醇化工展望

随着煤化工和天然气化工的发展，我国甲醇产量将有较大幅度的增长，甲醇下游产品的开发迫在眉睫。本文介绍了国内外甲醇化工发展状况并对甲醇下游产品的开发提出了看法。     

降低富氧条件下汽油机NOX排放技术方案分析

稀燃技术由于可以改善发动机的经济性和排放已越来越受到人们的重视。然而，由于稀燃的富氧燃烧，使得N0x降低较小。本文介绍并分析了国内外降低富氧下稀燃汽油机N0x排放的几种技术。     

进气道生产一致性对汽油机性能影响及设计优化

采用AVL TIPPLEMAN气道稳态试验台对某现生产气道喷射汽油机缸盖气道性能进行批量测试,结果显示该发动机缸盖气道生产一致性较差。选择了其中高中低3种滚流水平缸盖进行发动机性能试验。试验发现,生产偏差造成的滚流差异对性能有较大的影响,低滚流气道有利于该发动机外特性提升。为此进行了进气道性能鲁棒性CFD模拟分析,研究了气道偏移对气道性能的影响,并通过优化气道局部结构,显著改善了缸盖气道性能设计鲁棒性,优化后气道滚流对气道偏移的敏感度降低了50%,并进行了气道试验验证和发动机性能试验。     

车用汽油机怠速排放特性研究

对车用汽油机的怠速排放特性进行了试验研究,分析了汽油机怠速排放特性与怠速转速、点火正时和化油器怠速调整状况之间的关系,指出了影响化油器式汽油机怠速排放的主要因素,并提出了降低怠速排放的一些措施。     

小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的汽油机爆震诊断方法

为提高爆震诊断的精度,提出一种小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的爆震诊断方法:以小波变换作为神经网络的前处理器以提取爆震特征;特征参数经模糊处理后,利用神经网络进行爆震诊断。对某汽油机进行了爆震试验,并对小波结合模糊聚类和神经网络的爆震诊断方法的有效性进行了检验。结果表明,相对能量、三次原点矩、峭度和方差4个特征参数,能够将小波子带信号的特征刻画出来,小波结合模糊神经网络方法能诊断出爆震边缘,应用于点火控制以提高汽油机的性能。