野外大气扩散试验中四面体气球示踪实验的初步评价

1985年11月在瑞士北部进行了一次以探讨“冷池”条件下的扩散和湍流特征为目的的国际野外大气试验,本文介绍其中的四面体气球示踪实验的结果。一共进行了三次由雷达跟踪的四面体示踪实验,释放了10个四面体球。按多轨迹法和单轨迹法分别估算并比较了其中两次示踪实验得到的水平扩散参数σ_y,探讨了风摆效应的贡献。采用“体源模式”并结合单轨迹法估算了微弱风场不定风向条件下的扩散参数,分析了静风,弱风条件下的水平风向标准差和湍流强度。     

Pile Response Adjacent to Braced Excavation

The excavation of soil for the construction of basements or cut-and-cover tunnels results in ground movements. One particular concern is that the excavation-induced lateral soil movements may adversely affect any nearby pile foundation. The lateral loads imposed by the soil movements induce bending moments and deflections in the pile, which may lead to structural distress and failure. This paper presents the results of an actual full-scale instrumented study that was carried to examine the behavior of an existing pile due to nearby excavation activities resulting from the construction of a 16 m deep cut-and-cover tunnel. The pile was located 3 m behind a 0.8 m thick diaphragm wall. Excavation to the formation level that was 16 m below the ground surface resulted in a maximum lateral pile movement of 28 mm. A simplified numerical procedure based on the finite-element method was used to analyze the pile response. Generally, the theoretical predictions were in reasonable agreement with the measured results.     

Rotational Restraint of Pile Caps during Lateral Loading

A pure fixed-head (zero-rotation) condition at the top of a group of laterally loaded piles is seldom achievable in the field, even when piles are installed in a group that is “rigidly” constrained by a stiff concrete pile cap. Assuming complete fixity during design (zero rotation at the pile head) can result in underestimated values of pile-head deflection, and incorrect estimates of the magnitude and the location of maximum bending moments. A simple and practical approach is presented for estimating the moment restraint that is provided by the pile cap at the top of a pile group. The moment restraint, represented by the rotational restraint coefficient (KMθ), serves as a boundary condition for analyzing groups of laterally loaded piles. Full-scale field tests performed on two pile groups with concrete pile caps show that the proposed method for estimating rotational restraint provides results that are in good agreement with measured field performance.     

Limited reinforced space in segmental retaining walls

Current design of geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining walls considers an a priori limitless length for reinforcement installation. Such length is typically 0.5–0.7 times the height of the wall. However, often there are constraints on such space; e.g., bedrock formation located at a small distance behind the facing. The objective of this note is to introduce a procedure for assessing the required long-term strength of the reinforcement while considering its limited length. Predictions by a conventional slope stability analysis were first checked against a continuum-mechanics based numerical analysis. Upon obtaining good agreement, a design chart was developed. The chart enables the determination of the reduction in the lateral earth pressure coefficient due to the constrained space. The revised earth pressure coefficient can be used with current analytical methods to account for the limited space. The results appear to be valid for conventional walls retaining a limited volume of soil. Comparison with limited experimental results for unreinforced backfill shows reasonably good agreement.     

两类独立旋转车轮转向架横向动力学研究

研究了独立旋转车轮转向架因其左右独立车轮的耦合程度不同，而造成的横向动力学性能差异的原因。通过建立各自在直线上的横向动力学客车模型，利用新型快速显式数值积分法编程进行动态仿真，以比较其车辆的主要动态响应值。     

基于状态反馈的线控转向系统控制策略研究

研究汽车转向稳定性控制问题.针对线控转向系统的可变转向特性对汽车操纵稳定性的影响,为保证行驶安全,建立基于车辆横摆角速度与稳态横摆角速度之差(反馈系数F1)以及车辆侧向加速度与理想侧向加速度之差(反馈系数F2)反馈的驾驶员模型.结合整车模型和综合评价指标函数,分别对反馈系数F1(F2=0)、F2(F1 =0)和F1、F2进行优化,对线控转向系统的行驶状态进行仿真并与无反馈控制的驾驶员模型进行了比较.仿真试验结果表明:基于侧向加速度与横摆角速度共同反馈的方法,对前轮转角进行补偿,可较好的控制车辆的侧向位移、侧向加速度、横摆角速度和质心侧偏角,提高车道跟踪性能、方向稳定性能、降低驾驶员的转向负担,提高汽车的操纵稳定性.     

Robust anti-sliding control of autonomous vehicles in presence of lateral disturbances

Path following control problem of autonomous vehicles is investigated, concerning both unmeasurable sliding effects and lateral disturbances which lead to some difficulties in designing autonomous control under complex environment. To deal with the sliding effects, sideslip angles are modeled and reconstructed by estimating the tire cornering stiffness, which plays important role in analyzing the sliding effects. To this end, a Luenberger-type observer is designed, which is able to identify the tire cornering stiffness adaptively even in presence of time-varying lateral disturbances. Furthermore, to guarantee high-precision guidance, a sliding mode controller is designed based on chained system theory, and this controller is shown to be robust to both the lateral disturbances and the inaccuracy of the sliding reconstruction. Simulations illustrate that the proposed methods can reconstruct the sliding angles and provide high-accuracy anti-sliding control even in presence of the time-varying lateral disturbances.     

Deformation effect of lateral roof roadway in close coal seams after repeated mining

This paper analyzed the deformation mechanism in lateral roof roadway of the Ding Wu-3 roadway which was disturbed by repeated mining of close coal seams Wu-8 and Wu-10 in Pingdingshan No. 1 Mine. To determine the strata disturbance scope, the strata displacement angle was used to calculate the protection pillar width. A numerical model was built considering the field geological conditions. In simulation, the mining stress borderline was defined as the contour where the induced stress is 1.5 times of the original stress. Simulation results show the mining stress borderline of the lateral roadway extended 91.7 m outward after repeated mining. Then the original stress increased, deforming the roadway of interest. This deformation agreed with the in situ observations. Moreover, the strata displacement angle changed due to repeated mining. Therefore, reselection of the displacement angle was required to design the protective pillar width. Since a constant strata displacement angle was used in traditional design, the proposed method was beneficial in field cases.     

关于竖直打入花岗土和粘土地基中的高强度混凝土桩的水平支撑力的研究

就竖直打入花岗土和粘土地基中的高强度混凝土桩的水平承载力进行了试验研究,并基于ASTM标准对每个工况的预测值与实测值进行了比较.文中选用Matlock＆Reese,Davisson＆Gill,Broms和Chang理论预测了高强度混凝土桩的水平承载力.在花岗土和粘土地基中用Matlock＆Reese(Davisson＆Gill),ChangandBroms方法的预测结果都比实测结果小.利用Davisson＆Gill和Chang、Broms理论计算桩基础的水平承载力在工程实际中有一定的实用性.