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??Ya13-1 gas field is located in the Nanhai Sea waters at a distance of 100 km from Sanya,Hainan Island,Gas field area being 54 km²,mean gas reservoir effective thickness 93.9 m and gas reserves 889×10⁸m³.It is the largest offshore gas field found up to now in China,being of the properties of high formation temperature and high formation pressure.It is required that the individual well production must be high so as to stably supply gas of 29×10⁸m³/a to Hongkong and 6×10⁸m³/a to Hainan Province;the 711.2 mm gas pipeline to Hongkong,355.6 mm oil gas pipeline to Hainan Province,Hongkong acceptance station and Hainan processing station must be constructed;and the stable production period must be twenty years.The well completion technology design is relatively strict,which demands that all gas wells must be normally put into production and it is necessary to do the workover treatment without shutdown or by a short term shutdown.In the paper,the characteristics of the well completion technology in the field are simply introduced,including the structure of completion string,the structure,technical specification and function of the main down hole tools,the under balance perforation by MAXR hanger perforation gun and the procedure of the well completion operation,etc.     

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长期以来，射孔被认为是钻井工程的最后一道简单工序。固井后射孔，建立流体进入井筒的通道就交井了事。近来，随着对油气田内部微观分析的加强，找出了引起油气层孔隙堵塞的各种原因，提出了防止油气层损害和保护油气层的技术要求。同时，依据油气井的不同类型和特点优选完井方式而提高油气井完善程度，从而达到提高油气井单井产量的目的。文中正是根据这种新兴的完井工程概念介绍了新型射孔弹、射孔枪、射孔新技术以及它们在减轻地层伤害、提高单井产量等方面所起的作用。     

具有独立传爆部件的射孔弹及其射孔工艺研究

油田开采中射孔效果分为两种：一种是小孔径深穿透,另一种是大孔径但穿透很浅。本文提出一种新型具有独立传爆部件的射孔弹及其射孔工艺,较好的解决了大孔径、深穿透这个问题,通过其独特的二次子弹复合射孔工艺,达到了射孔和压裂两大目的,通过在辽河油田某采油厂四口井的实验,取得了很好的效果,为油田增产增收创造了条件。     

Evaluation of three test methods in determination of formaldehyde emission from particleboard bonded with different mole ratio in the urea–formaldehyde resin

The use of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins with lower contents of free formaldehyde in the board industry has led to products with very low emissions of formaldehyde. In this study, a detailed account is given of how UF resins with different mole ratios of formaldehyde to urea within the range of 0.97–1.27 influence the formaldehyde emission. In order to evaluate simpler laboratory methods for determining the formaldehyde emission from particleboard, the desiccator (JIS A 5908, 2003) and the EN 120 (European Standard, 1991) have been compared with the 1 m³ chamber method SS 270236 (Swedish Standard of determining formaldehyde emission with chamber test, 1988). Good relationships were obtained between the methods studied with correlation coefficients of >0.9. The value of formaldehyde emission decreased linearly with the mole ratio of formaldehyde to urea down to 1.05 where the effect smoothed out. The effect on the formaldehyde emission of temperature and storage time for tested boards also was studied. The heat treatment lowered the perforator value with resins that had mole ratios equal to or higher than 1.15, at the two lowest mole ratios 0.97 and 1.01, there was a tendency for the heat treatment to increase the perforator value. After the boards were stored for 6 months at 23 °C and 50% RH, the perforator values were unchanged or negligibly changed with the lower mole ratios and there was a more pronounced change with a higher mole ratio of 1.27.     

Effect of some manufacturing variables on formaldehyde release from particleboard: Relationship between different test methods

Different standard methods were used to determine the formaldehyde emission (FE) from particleboard; some of them were defined as European, Japanese and American standards. This study aimed to determine the effect of some manufacturing variables on FE of particleboards produced using melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive with low content of free formaldehyde. The FE from the two types of particleboard (uncoated and laminated of 16–19 mm thickness) was measured with gas analysis method (EN 717-2) as well as the formaldehyde content (FC) with perforator method (EN 120). The European chamber (EN 717-1), Japanese desiccator method (JIS A 1460) and American large chamber (ASTM E 1333-96) values were measured by the conversion factor. The two types of particleboard studies showed differences in their formaldehyde parameters. It was concluded that the amount of formaldehyde emitted from the most of the manufactured boards resulted in the emission class El. In addition, laminating and decreasing the board thickness had a highly significant effect (p < 0.001) on decreasing the formaldehyde parameters. The particleboard E1-emission class had approximately the same value according to the test methods and similar behavior was observed in the relationship between the EN 120 values and EN 717-1, JIS A 1460, the proposed California Air Resource Board (CARB) Phase 1 and 2. This article considers how to estimate the FE values of the international test methods using the conversion factor to eliminate the need for time consuming and expensive equipment.     

液压冲击矛动态仿真模型的建立

液压冲击矛是一种高效、强力的非开挖地下管线铺设工具。其工作体积小、综合成本低、使用寿命长且维护方便。与气动冲击矛相比有着更大的冲击功和能量利用率。本文基于HDI-146型液压冲击矛结构，建立了套阀式液压冲击矛的动力学仿真模型，并提出借助于虚拟样机技术对其进行动态仿真分析的具体方案，为进一步进行仿真分析验证液压冲击矛结构参数的合理性及参数优化做了必要的准备．     

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射孔技术是油气勘探开发中的一项关键技术。四川石油管理局测井公司长期高度重视射孔技术的发展,依靠自身优势,积极面向市场,在新型射孔器的研制、射孔工艺技术的开发、优化射孔及效果评价方面都取得了突出的成就。同时将产品和技术迅速推向市场,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益,在（ 超） 深穿透射孔工艺、水平井射孔工艺、过油管张开式射孔、射孔—测试联作、全通径射孔工艺、分层开采中的射孔、高温高压深井（ 超深井）油管传输射孔和射孔后丢枪的一次性完井管柱等技术上取得了众多成果;并跟踪世界先进技术发展趋势,积极研制了超正压射孔、油管传输和高能气体压裂复合射孔、定方位射孔、小井眼射孔和与完井封隔器联作的油管输送技术等射孔储备技术,使之成为国内有较大影响的射孔技术基地。     

关于增效射孔弹几个问题的讨论

提出并了增效射孔弹的几个问题，说明由于这些问题的存在使得增效射孔弹的应用受到一定限制，并应加以重视和解决。     

Anatomical study of the cutaneous perforator arteries and vascularisation of the biceps femoris muscle

We present an anatomical study that describes the distribution of the cutaneous perforators (CP) of both heads of the biceps femoris muscle.

Material and methods

In this study, we dissected 18 legs from nine cadavers. The study was centered on the biceps femoris muscle and musculocutaneous perforator arteries from both muscular heads. Only perforator arteries with comitant vein diameters of over 0.5 mm were selected. The vascular origin and length were also studied. In all cases, measurements were taken from the bicondyle line.

Results

The measurements taken from the muscle bellies of the biceps gave the following results; for the long head 33.91 cm as medium length (SD=2.70) and for the short head 23.85 cm as medium length (SD=2.96).The total number of perforator arteries obtained from the two muscle bellies was 139, with the greatest percentage located in the lower half of the thigh. The majority follow an intramuscular route (80.48%) and less frequently they are septals (19.52%).The lengths of perforator arteries from its origin in the axial vessel of the muscle to the subcutaneous fat were, for the short head 5.01±1.33 (3.0–10.0), whereas the same measurement, in the long head was 4.54±1.36 (2.5–9.0).The principal vascular origin of the perforator arteries was the popliteal artery in both muscle bellies, whilst the second arterial vessel in importance was the first and second profunda perforator artery.

Conclusion

From the results obtained in our work, we can deduce that it is always possible to locate perforator arteries in both muscle bellies; most frequently they have intramuscular distribution and are located in the proximity of the vascular septum. Their most common origins are the popliteal artery and first and second profunda perforator artery. Finally, it is possible to design pedicle and free flaps, with less morbidity and more versatility than musculocutaneous flaps.     

油气井射孔技术的现状与发展

射孔技术作为完井工程的重要组成部分和试油技术的主要环节,是利用高能炸药爆炸形成的射流射穿油气井管壁、水泥环和部分地层,建立油气层和井筒之间油气流通道的一种技术。随着油气勘探开发的不断深入,复杂的储层类型以及多样的油气井完井工程对射孔技术提出了更高的要求。为满足不同的需求,近些年来射孔技术也得到了快速发展。主要介绍了油气井射孔工艺技术的现状以及将来可能的发展方向。