油气输送管线冰堵定位检测技术的开发与应用

冬季油气输送管线的冰堵时刻威胁着高寒地区石油化工装置的安全运行，带式传感器动态应变定位检测技术的研制与开发解决了这一难题，它能迅速而准确地查找冰堵点，从而保证炼化装置的冬季正常运行。     

水平井均匀酸化管柱在八面河油田的研究与应用

八面河油田水平井水平井段长、储层非均质性严重,在酸化处理中,井段均匀布酸困难,酸化效果不佳。根据在全井段均匀分配酸化液的原则,对水平井均匀酸化管柱进行优化,采用"大酸量、大排量、及时返排"的工艺措施,可有效解除水平井段地层污染堵塞,沟通地层裂缝,使水平井的酸化处理效果得到明显改善和提高。     

高压玻璃钢管漏失原因、处理方法及防治措施

玻璃钢管具有质量轻、承受压力高、耐腐蚀、不易结垢、施工简便、使用寿命长的优点。从2000年起,江汉油田将高压玻璃钢管线广泛应用于注水系统和污水处理系统,收到了良好的效果。在生产过程中,由于受外部损伤、施工质量、玻璃性能等因素的影响,漏失现象时有发生。针对这种情况,可采取切割造锥,利用钢制转换接头连接、管沟回填等措施进行解决,以规范施工工艺,保证质量和安全生产。     

烷基苯的磺化研究

烷基苯的磺化是制造阴离子表面活性剂的关键工序之一。本文重点介绍了采用国内消化吸收的意胡利Ｂａｌｌｅｓｔｒａ公司多管膜多磺化法生产烷基苯碘酸的技术，该技术工艺流程合理，设备结构简单，能耗低，产品质量好，不但适应于烷基苯的磺化，还可用于脂肪醇，脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚等多种原料的磺化。     

Pipe Heating System with Underground Water Tank for Snow Thawing and Ice Prevention on Roads and Bridge Decks

In order to prevent traffic accidents on snow-covered bridge decks, the writers developed a new pipe heating system that uses only groundwater stored in a large underground tank. The underground tank provides geothermal energy, i.e., groundwater of constant temperature, through heating pipes embedded in concrete pavements with no electric heater or fuel boiler. The pipe heating system was constructed at approximately 50% of the cost of comparable systems. In addition, there is a reduction of 10% in operating costs compared with the previous system. The present paper outlines its design and construction and provides fundamental data for the developed system. The piped heating system has kept the road conditions safe during the winter season by always removing the snow and ice from the heated road and bridge sections earlier than the surrounding roads. According to long-term temperature measurements, this system has prevented the road temperature from decreasing below 0°C, even through nighttime and morning periods. This report presents the system as an economical and effective solution for snow thawing and ice prevention.     

Effects of Process Parameters on Gypsum Scale Formation in Pipes

Scaling often leads to a series of technical and economical problems in industrial plants and equipments by blocking water flow in pipes or limiting heat transfer in heat exchangers. While most contemporary studies are focusing on crystallization at heat‐exchanger surfaces and scaling on nanofilters in desalination plants, very little work has been done investigating scale formation on pipe and vessel walls. A comprehensive investigation of the effects of various process parameters in controlling the formation of calcium sulfate scale in pipes was undertaken. Supersaturation ratio, run time, and operational hydrodynamics were altered systematically to determine their influence on the scale growth rate. The results confirmed that the deposition of gypsum on pipe walls was significantly affected by these process parameters.     

Microscopic Visualization Technique to Predict the Permeation of Organic Solvents through PVC Pipes in Water Distribution Systems

Organic contaminants may permeate through plastic pipes in water distribution systems and adversely affect the quality of drinking water. In this study, we developed a microscopic visualization technique to investigate the permeation of common organic contaminants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and trichloroethene) through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. By observing the propagation of organic moving fronts in the pipe materials with a light microscope, the technique was able to predict the permeation breakthrough times through PVC pipes that were determined in the pipe-bottle test. The advance of an organic moving front was found to be linearly dependent on the square-root of time and the propagation rate increased with an increase in the external organic chemical activity. Permeation of organic mixtures into PVC pipes was found to be additive in proportion to the permeation rates and volume percents of each component. In combination with a 2-year pipe-bottle test for PVC pipes exposed to premium gasoline, mathematical extrapolations based on the microscopic visualization tests predicted that PVC pipe are likely to resist permeation by commercial gasoline for the service life of the pipe.     

碱液蒸发缶换热管腐蚀的研究

本文通过试验研究,找出了碱液蒸发缶换热管腐蚀的原因,并指出其防护途径和具体措施。     

Efficient Treatment of the Vardy–Brown Unsteady Shear in Pipe Transients

An accurate, simple, and efficient approximation to the Vardy–Brown unsteady friction equation is derived and shown to be easily implemented within a one-dimensional characteristics solution for unsteady pipe flow. For comparison, the exact Vardy–Brown unsteady friction equation is used to model shear stresses in transient turbulent pipe flows and the resulting waterhammer equations are solved by the method of characteristics. The approximate Vardy–Brown model is more computationally efficient (i.e., requires one-sixth the execution time and much less memory storage) than the exact Vardy–Brown model. Both models are compared with measured data from different research groups and with numerical data produced by a two-dimensional turbulence waterhammer model. The results show that the exact Vardy–Brown model and the approximate Vardy–Brown model are in good agreement with both laboratory and numerical experiments over a wide range of Reynolds number and wave frequencies. The proposed approximate model only requires the storage of flow variables from a single time step while the exact Vardy–Brown model requires the storage of flow variables at all previous time steps and the two-dimensional model requires the storage of flow variables at all radial nodes.     

Modeling Nonsteady‐State Regimes of Dilute Pneumatic Conveying

The nonsteady‐state gas‐particle flows in pipelines are considered. Chaotically moving particles are described as granular gas characterized by granular temperature. This temperature dissipates because of partially inelastic particle collisions with the wall, with each other and also because of the particle viscous friction with gas. The energy losses on a microscale are translated into the pressure losses on a macroscale. The model developed is validated for both steady‐state and nonsteady‐state regimes by comparing calculated pressure losses with experimental data. A detailed numerical study of the nonsteady‐state flows shows that the pipe wall roughness is a major parameter affecting the pressure drop. Flow regimes for different particle elastic properties, particle sizes, and solids loading are studied.